Easy and non-invasive disease detection in pigs by adenosine deaminase activity determinations in saliva

• Published in: PloS one 2017-06, Vol.12 (6), p.e0179299-e0179299
• Main Authors: Gutiérrez, Ana María, De La Cruz-Sánchez, Ernesto, Montes, Ana, Sotillo, Juan, Gutiérrez-Panizo, Cándido, Fuentes, Pablo, Tornel, Pedro Luis, Cabezas-Herrera, Juan
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acute phase proteins; Acute phase substances; Acute-Phase Proteins - metabolism; Adenosine; Adenosine deaminase; Adenosine Deaminase - metabolism; Animals; Assaying; Biology and Life Sciences; Biomarkers; C-reactive protein; C-Reactive Protein - metabolism; Celiac disease; Diabetes; Diagnosis; Diagnostic software; Diagnostic systems; Disease detection; Economic analysis; Enzymes; Growth rate; Haptoglobin; Health aspects; Hogs; Hypoxia; Inflammation; Inflammatory bowel disease; Information dissemination; Isoforms; Linear Models; Lipid peroxidation; Lupus; Mathematical analysis; Medical diagnosis; Medicine; Medicine and Health Sciences; Metabolism; Parasitic diseases; Proteins; Proteomics; Reproducibility of Results; Rheumatoid arthritis; ROC Curve; Saliva; Saliva - enzymology; Saliva - metabolism; Salivary diagnostics; Statistics, Nonparametric; Surgery; Sus scrofa; Swine; Swine diseases; Swine Diseases - enzymology; Tuberculosis
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0179299

The quantification of adenosine deaminase (ADA) in porcine saliva samples has been analyzed for its use as a marker of disease. First, an analytical validation of the enzymatic assay used for ADA measurements was performed. Afterwards, saliva samples were collected from 50 healthy animals and 64 animals with different symptoms of disease, which were divided into local inflammation, gastrointestinal disorder, respiratory disorder and growth retardation. To optimize ADA measurements, total ADA (tADA), specific ADA (sADA) and ADA isoforms 1 and 2 activities were calculated. Moreover, to preliminarily estimate the diagnostic value of tADA activity measurements for disease detection, receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses was performed and compared to the results obtained for salivary acute phase proteins, haptoglobin (Hp) and C-reactive protein (CRP). The salivary levels of tADA activity were significantly elevated in animals with local inflammation, gastrointestinal disorder and respiratory disorder. The calculation of the different ADA activities did not provide additional information to tADA activity quantification for disease detection. The diagnostic value of tADA activity was superior to those observed for Hp and CRP measurements in the present study. It might be concluded that ADA analysis in saliva could be used as a simple, rapid, economic and non-invasive diagnostic tool in porcine production in field conditions.