Direct medical cost associated with diabetic retinopathy severity in type 2 diabetes in Singapore

Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision-loss globally among type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. Information on the economic burden of DR in Singapore is limited. We aim to identify the total annual direct medical costs of DR at different stages, and to examine factors influencing the cos...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PloS one 2017-07, Vol.12 (7), p.e0180949-e0180949
Main Authors: Zhang, Xiao, Low, Serena, Kumari, Neelam, Wang, Jiexun, Ang, Keven, Yeo, Darren, Yip, Chee Chew, Tavintharan, Subramaniam, Sum, Chee Fang, Lim, Su Chi
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Adult
Aged
Analysis
Biology and life sciences
Body Mass Index
Care and treatment
Color
Complications and side effects
Cost engineering
Costs
Diabetes
Diabetes mellitus
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - economics
Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 - pathology
Diabetic neuropathy
Diabetic retinopathy
Diabetic Retinopathy - economics
Diabetic Retinopathy - pathology
Disease Progression
Economic aspects
Economic statistics
Epidemiology
Female
Generalized linear models
Glucose
Health care costs
Health care expenditures
Health care policy
Hemoglobin
Hospital costs
Humans
Insurance claims
Kidney diseases
Kidney transplantation
Male
Management
Medicine and Health Sciences
Middle Aged
Neuropathy
Patients
People and Places
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - economics
Renal Insufficiency, Chronic - pathology
Retinopathy
Risk factors
Singapore
Smoking
Social Sciences
Stroke
Studies
Type 2 diabetes
Young Adult
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Summary:Diabetic retinopathy (DR) is a leading cause of vision-loss globally among type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients. Information on the economic burden of DR in Singapore is limited. We aim to identify the total annual direct medical costs of DR at different stages, and to examine factors influencing the costs. Four hundreds and seventy T2DM patients who attended the Diabetes Centre in a secondary hospital in Singapore in 2011-2014 were included. Digital color fundus photographs were assessed for DR in a masked fashion. Retinopathy severity was further categorized into non-proliferative DR (NPDR), including mild, moderate and severe NPDR, and proliferative DR (PDR). Medical costs were assessed using hospital administrative data. DR was diagnosed in 172 (39.5%) patients, including 51 mild, 62 moderate and 18 severe NPDR, and 41 PDR. The median cost in DR [2012.0 (1111.2-4192.3)] was significantly higher than that in non-DR patients [1158.1 (724.1-1838.9)] (p
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0180949