Quantifying pCO2 in biological ocean acidification experiments: A comparison of four methods

• Published in: PloS one 2017-09, Vol.12 (9), p.e0185469-e0185469
• Main Authors: Watson, Sue-Ann, Fabricius, Katharina E, Munday, Philip L
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Accuracy; Acidification; Acidification research; Acids - chemistry; Alkalies - chemistry; Alkalinity; Batch processing; Biology and Life Sciences; Carbon dioxide; Carbon Dioxide - analysis; Carbon dioxide in seawater; Carbon dioxide measurements; Carbonates; Chemical analysis; Chemistry; Climate change; Coral reefs; Dissolved inorganic carbon; Earth Sciences; Ecological monitoring; Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Electrodes; Engineering and Technology; Equipment costs; Experiments; Infrared analysis; Infrared Rays; Inorganic carbon; Laboratories; Marine Biology - methods; Measurement methods; Measurement techniques; Ocean acidification; Oceanography; Oceans; Oceans and Seas; Partial Pressure; pH effects; Physical Sciences; Production methods; Reference Standards; Researchers; Seawater; Seawater - chemistry; Spectrophotometry; Studies; Titration; Uncertainty; Water analysis
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0185469

Quantifying the amount of carbon dioxide (CO2) in seawater is an essential component of ocean acidification research; however, equipment for measuring CO2 directly can be costly and involve complex, bulky apparatus. Consequently, other parameters of the carbonate system, such as pH and total alkalinity (AT), are often measured and used to calculate the partial pressure of CO2 (pCO2) in seawater, especially in biological CO2-manipulation studies, including large ecological experiments and those conducted at field sites. Here we compare four methods of pCO2 determination that have been used in biological ocean acidification experiments: 1) Versatile INstrument for the Determination of Total inorganic carbon and titration Alkalinity (VINDTA) measurement of dissolved inorganic carbon (CT) and AT, 2) spectrophotometric measurement of pHT and AT, 3) electrode measurement of pHNBS and AT, and 4) the direct measurement of CO2 using a portable CO2 equilibrator with a non-dispersive infrared (NDIR) gas analyser. In this study, we found these four methods can produce very similar pCO2 estimates, and the three methods often suited to field-based application (spectrophotometric pHT, electrode pHNBS and CO2 equilibrator) produced estimated measurement uncertainties of 3.5-4.6% for pCO2. Importantly, we are not advocating the replacement of established methods to measure seawater carbonate chemistry, particularly for high-accuracy quantification of carbonate parameters in seawater such as open ocean chemistry, for real-time measures of ocean change, nor for the measurement of small changes in seawater pCO2. However, for biological CO2-manipulation experiments measuring differences of over 100 μatm pCO2 among treatments, we find the four methods described here can produce similar results with careful use.