Transcriptome analysis of Petunia axillaris flowers reveals genes involved in morphological differentiation and metabolite transport

• Published in: PloS one 2018-06, Vol.13 (6), p.e0198936-e0198936
• Main Authors: Amano, Ikuko, Kitajima, Sakihito, Suzuki, Hideyuki, Koeduka, Takao, Shitan, Nobukazu
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Allelochemicals; Animal reproduction; Arabidopsis; Biological activity; Biological Transport; Biology; Biology and Life Sciences; Biosynthesis; Carbohydrates; Cell division; Differentiation; Encyclopedias; Enzymes; Fatty acids; Flowers; Flowers & plants; Flowers - genetics; Flowers - growth & development; Flowers - metabolism; Gene expression; Gene Expression Profiling; Gene sequencing; Genes; Genetic aspects; Genomes; Gibberellins; Homology; Hormones; Laboratories; Leaves; Limbs; Medicine and Health Sciences; Metabolic pathways; Metabolism; Metabolites; Molecular chains; Molecular modelling; Morphology; Nitrates; Petunia; Petunia - genetics; Petunia - growth & development; Petunia - metabolism; Petunia axillaris; Petunia hybrida; Phenylpropanoids; Physiological aspects; Plant metabolites; Plant Proteins - genetics; Plant Proteins - metabolism; Plant reproduction; Plants (botany); Pollinators; Proteins; R&D; Research & development; Ribonucleic acid; RNA; Secondary metabolites; Sucrose; Transport; VOCs; Volatile organic compounds; Volatiles
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0198936

The biosynthesis of plant secondary metabolites is associated with morphological and metabolic differentiation. As a consequence, gene expression profiles can change drastically, and primary and secondary metabolites, including intermediate and end-products, move dynamically within and between cells. However, little is known about the molecular mechanisms underlying differentiation and transport mechanisms. In this study, we performed a transcriptome analysis of Petunia axillaris subsp. parodii, which produces various volatiles in its corolla limbs and emits metabolites to attract pollinators. RNA-sequencing from leaves, buds, and limbs identified 53,243 unigenes. Analysis of differentially expressed genes, combined with gene ontology and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes pathway analyses, showed that many biological processes were highly enriched in limbs. These included catabolic processes and signaling pathways of hormones, such as gibberellins, and metabolic pathways, including phenylpropanoids and fatty acids. Moreover, we identified five transporter genes that showed high expression in limbs, and we performed spatiotemporal expression analyses and homology searches to infer their putative functions. Our systematic analysis provides comprehensive transcriptomic information regarding morphological differentiation and metabolite transport in the Petunia flower and lays the foundation for establishing the specific mechanisms that control secondary metabolite biosynthesis in plants.