Understanding variations in health insurance coverage in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania: Evidence from demographic and health surveys

• Published in: PloS one 2018-08, Vol.13 (8), p.e0201833-e0201833
• Main Authors: Amu, Hubert, Dickson, Kwamena Sekyi, Kumi-Kyereme, Akwasi, Darteh, Eugene Kofuor Maafo
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Analysis; Bivariate analysis; Data processing; Demographics; Economic factors; Economics; Expenditures; Females; Health care; Health care access; Health care policy; Health care reform; Health insurance; Health insurance exchanges; Health services; Health surveys; Informal economy; Insurance; Insurance coverage; Males; Maternity & paternity leaves; Medicine and Health Sciences; Men; National health insurance; People and Places; Planning; Polls & surveys; Population; Population studies; Poverty; Public health; Social Sciences; Socioeconomics; Sustainable development; Variation
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201833

Realisation of universal health coverage is not possible without health financing systems that ensure financial risk protection. To ensure this, some African countries have instituted health insurance schemes as venues for ensuring universal access to health care for their populace. In this paper, we examined variations in health insurance coverage in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania. We used data from demographic and health surveys of Ghana (2014), Kenya (2014), Nigeria (2013), and Tanzania (2015). Women aged 15-49 and men aged 15-59 years were included in the study. Our study population comprised 9,378 women and 4,371 men from Ghana, 14,656 women and 12,712 men from Kenya, 38,598 women and 17,185 men from Nigeria, and 10,123 women and 2,514 men from Tanzania. Bivariate and multivariate techniques were used to analyse the data. Coverage was highest in Ghana (Females = 62.4%, Males = 49.1%) and lowest in Nigeria (Females = 1.1%, Males = 3.1%). Age, level of education, residence, wealth status, and occupation were the socio-economic factors influencing variations in health insurance coverage. There are variations in health insurance coverage in Ghana, Kenya, Nigeria, and Tanzania, with Ghana recording the highest coverage. Kenya, Tanzania, and Nigeria may not be able to achieve universal health coverage and meet the sustainable development goals on health by the year 2030 if the current fragmented public health insurance systems persist in those countries. Therefore, the various schemes of these countries should be harmonised to help maximise the size of their risk pools and increase the confidence of potential subscribers in the systems, which may encourage them to enrol.