Resistance training and caloric restriction prevent systolic blood pressure rise by improving the nitric oxide effect on smooth muscle and morphological changes in the aorta of ovariectomized rats

• Published in: PloS one 2018-08, Vol.13 (8), p.e0201843-e0201843
• Main Authors: Lino, Anderson Diogo de Souza, Vianna, Daiana, Oishi, Jorge Camargo, Souza, Markus Vinicius Campos, Ruffoni, Leandro Dias, Marin, Cecília Tardivo, de Avó, Lucimar Retto da Silva, Perez, Sérgio Eduardo de Andrade, Rodrigues, Gerson Jhonatan, Tirapegui, Júlio, Shiguemoto, Gilberto Eiji
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acetylcholine; Analysis; Animals; Aorta; Aorta - metabolism; Aorta - pathology; Biochemistry; Biology and Life Sciences; Blood; Blood pressure; Blood Pressure - physiology; Caloric Restriction; Cardiovascular disease; Chromium; Collagen; Collagen - metabolism; Control; Coronary vessels; Dietary restrictions; Endothelial Cells - metabolism; Endothelial Cells - pathology; Endothelium; Enzymes; Estrogens - deficiency; Exercise physiology; Female; Fitness training programs; Gelatinase A; Health aspects; Health sciences; Heart Rate - physiology; Hormones; Hypertension; Insulin; Insulin resistance; Laboratories; Low calorie diet; Matrix metalloproteinase; Matrix Metalloproteinase 2 - metabolism; Medicine and Health Sciences; Metalloproteinase; Morphology; Muscle, Smooth - metabolism; Muscle, Smooth - pathology; Muscles; Nitric oxide; Nitric Oxide - metabolism; Nutrition; Ovariectomy; Physical education; Physical training; Pulmonary arteries; Random Allocation; Rats; Rats, Sprague-Dawley; Resistance Training; Rodents; Sedentary Behavior; Smooth muscle; Sodium; Sodium nitroprusside; Strength training; Surgery; Training; Weight training
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201843

In this study, we investigated the effects of resistance training (RT), caloric restriction (CR), and the association of both interventions in aortic vascular reactivity and morphological alterations, matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) activity, insulin resistance and systolic blood pressure (SBP) in ovariectomized rats. Fifty female Holtzman rats were subjected to ovariectomy and Sham surgery and distributed into the following groups: Sham-sedentary, ovariectomized-sedentary, ovariectomized-resistance training, ovariectomized-caloric restriction, and ovariectomized-resistance training and caloric restriction groups. RT and 30% CR protocols were performed for 13 weeks. Analyses were conducted to evaluate the following: acetylcholine and sodium nitroprusside-induced relaxation of aortic rings, MMP-2 activity, insulin tolerance test, highlighting of the aorta wall cross-sectional area by hematoxylin-eosin stain, aorta vessel remodeling and SBP. We observed that ovariectomy decreased the potency of dependent and independent endothelium relaxation and MMP-2 activity, prevented insulin resistance, promoted aorta vessel remodeling in the cross-sectional area, and promoted the media-to-lumen ratio, the collagen content, and the alteration of the structure and elastic fibers of the vessel. The effects of the ovariectomy could contribute to SBP increases. However, the association of exercise and diet improved the relaxation potency in dependent and independent endothelium relaxation, elevated MMP-2 activity, ameliorate insulin sensitivity, increased the aorta cross-sectional area and media-to-lumen ratio, decreased collagen content and promoted histological parameters of the aorta vessel wall, preventing the increase of SBP. Our study revealed that the RT and CR separately, and even associatively, improved vascular function, activated MMP-2, and produced a beneficial hypertrophic remodeling, preventing the elevation of SBP in ovariectomized rats.