Development, structure and evolutionary significance of seed appendages in Salix matsudana (Salicaceae)

• Published in: PloS one 2018-09, Vol.13 (9), p.e0203061-e0203061
• Main Authors: Li, Jianxia, Xia, Xiaofei, Xu, Shenjian, Wu, Jiayue, Peng, Linlin, Zhao, Liangcheng
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Appendages; Biogeography; Biological Evolution; Biology and Life Sciences; Cell division; Cell size; Dispersal; Embryology; Embryos; Evolution; Fertilization; Flowers & plants; Fossils; Histochemistry; Leaves; Medicine and Health Sciences; Microscopy, Electron, Scanning; Morphology; Museums; Physical Sciences; Physiological aspects; Placenta; Plant evolution; Salicaceae; Salix; Salix - anatomy & histology; Salix - growth & development; Salix - ultrastructure; Salix matsudana; Seed dispersal; Seeds; Seeds - anatomy & histology; Seeds - growth & development; Seeds - ultrastructure; Structure
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203061

The seeds of Salix and Populus (Salicaceae) are characterized by having numerous long hairs which loosely accompanying the seeds and a small annular appendage which surrounding the base of the seed along with tufted hairs. In this study, the complete development and detailed structure of the hairs and annular appendage in Salix matsudana were investigated using standard techniques for plant anatomy and histochemistry. The results show that the hairs originate successively from the single epidermal cells of the placenta (in megaspore mother cell phase) and funiculus (in eight-nucleate phase), and that their development consists of a progressive increase in cell size and an absence of cell division. The annular appendage is initiated from four to five rows of cells at the distal end of the funiculus in octant proembryo phase and its development is characterized by reactivated meristematic activity and a size increase of these cells. The initiation and development of the hairs are irrelevant to ovule development but fertilization and a developed embryo is necessary for the annular appendage to occur. Considering the reliable fossils, we inferred that the feature of seeds surrounded by long hairs is an ancestral character, and that the detachment of hairs from the funiculus and the occurrence of an annular appendage with tufts of hairs may be the more derived states for seed dispersal in Salix and Populus.