Pathways to care and outcomes among hospitalised HIV-seropositive persons with cryptococcal meningitis in South Africa

• Published in: PloS one 2019-12, Vol.14 (12), p.e0225742-e0225742
• Main Authors: Quan, Vanessa, Toro-Silva, Sandra, Sriruttan, Charlotte, Chetty, Verushka, Chihota, Violet, Candfield, Sophie, Vassall, Anna, Grant, Alison D, Govender, Nelesh P
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acquired immune deficiency syndrome; Adult; AIDS; AIDS (Disease); Amphotericin B; Antifungal agents; Antiparasitic agents; Antiretroviral agents; Antiretroviral therapy; Antiretroviral Therapy, Highly Active; Biology and Life Sciences; Clinical Audit; Critical Pathways; Cryptococcal meningitis; Cryptococcosis - complications; Diagnosis; Discharge; Female; Fluconazole; Follow-Up Studies; Fungal infections; Health aspects; Health Facilities; Highly active antiretroviral therapy; HIV; HIV patients; HIV Seropositivity - complications; HIV Seropositivity - diagnosis; HIV Seropositivity - drug therapy; HIV Seropositivity - epidemiology; Hospitalization; Human immunodeficiency virus; Humans; Laboratories; Maintenance; Male; Medical diagnosis; Medicine and Health Sciences; Meningitis; Meningitis, Cryptococcal - complications; Middle Aged; Mortality; Nurses; Nursing research; Patient Acceptance of Health Care; Patient Care; Patient Discharge; Patients; People and Places; Public sector; South Africa; South Africa - epidemiology; Treatment Outcome
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0225742

Cryptococcus causes 15% of AIDS-related deaths and in South Africa, with its high HIV burden, is the dominant cause of adult meningitis. Cryptococcal meningitis (CM) mortality is high, partly because patients enter care with advanced HIV disease and because of failure of integrated care following CM diagnosis. We evaluated pathways to hospital care, missed opportunities for HIV testing and initiation of care. We performed a cross-sectional study at five public-sector urban hospitals. We enrolled adults admitted with a first or recurrent episode of cryptococcal meningitis. Study nurses conducted interviews, supplemented by a prospective review of medical charts and laboratory records. From May to October 2015, 102 participants were enrolled; median age was 40 years (interquartile range [IQR] 33.9-46.7) and 56 (55%) were male. In the six weeks prior to admission, 2/102 participants were asymptomatic, 72/100 participants sought care at a public-sector facility, 16/100 paid for private health care. The median time from seeking care to admission was 4 days (IQR, 0-27 days). Of 94 HIV-seropositive participants, only 62 (66%) knew their status and 41/62 (66%) had ever taken antiretroviral treatment. Among 13 participants with a known previous CM episode, none were taking fluconazole maintenance therapy. In-hospital management was mostly amphotericin B; in-hospital mortality was high (28/92, 30%). Sixty-four participants were discharged, 92% (59/64) on maintenance fluconazole, 4% (3/64) not on fluconazole and 3% (2/64) unknown. Twelve weeks post-discharge, 31/64 (48%) participants were lost to follow up. By 12 weeks post discharge 7/33 (21%) had died. Interviewed patients were asked if they were still on fluconazole, 11% (2/18) were not. Among hospitalised participants with CM, there were many missed opportunities for HIV care and linkage to ART prior to admission. Universal reflex CrAg screening may prompt earlier diagnosis of cryptococcal meningitis but there is a wider problem of timely linkage to care for HIV-seropositive people.