Dispensing of antibiotics without prescription and associated factors in drug retail outlets of Eritrea: A simulated client method

• Published in: PloS one 2020-01, Vol.15 (1), p.e0228013-e0228013
• Main Authors: Bahta, Merhawi, Tesfamariam, Sirak, Weldemariam, Dawit G, Yemane, Hermella, Tesfamariam, Eyasu H, Alem, Tesfamariam, Russom, Mulugeta
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Analysis; Anti-Bacterial Agents - pharmacology; Antibiotic resistance; Antibiotics; Antimicrobial agents; Biology and Life Sciences; Bivariate analysis; Ciprofloxacin; Computer Simulation; Confidence intervals; Cotrimoxazole; Data collection; Dispensing; Drug Prescriptions; Drug resistance; Drug stores; Drugstores; Eritrea; Ethics; Female; Food; Health care facilities; Health sciences; Humans; Independent variables; Male; Medicine and Health Sciences; Methods; Microbial drug resistance; Middle Aged; Multivariate Analysis; People and Places; Pharmacies; Pharmacists; Pharmacy; Regression analysis; Self-medication; Social science research; Social Sciences; Statistical analysis
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0228013

Dispensing antibiotics without prescription is irrational and can hasten the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistance. This study aims at determining the extent of this practice and its determinants in all drug retail outlets of Eritrea. A cross-sectional simulated client method was used to conduct the study. Data was collected between July and August 2019, entered and analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Science version 22. Descriptive analysis was performed using mean (standard deviation), median (interquartile range), frequency, percentage, as appropriate, for independent variables. Logistic regression, at bivariate and multivariate levels, along with odds ratio (95% confidence interval) was used to determine the association between the dispensing of antibiotics without prescription and independent variables. P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. The extent of dispensing antibiotics without prescription was found to be 87.6% with the most frequently dispensed antibiotics being ciprofloxacin (47.8%) and co-trimoxazole (37.5%). Furthermore, 12.4% of the drug retail outlet attendants did not dispense antibiotics because they preferred a referral to health facilities (52.6%), were following administrative restrictions not to sell antibiotics (42.1%), or did not have the necessary antibiotics (31.6%). Private community pharmacies (AOR = 7.68, 95% CI: 1.67, 35.37; p = 0.009) and private drug shops (AOR = 10.65, 95% CI: 1.96, 57.93; p = 0.006) were more likely to dispense antibiotics compared to the governmental community pharmacies. Dispensing antibiotics without prescription was more likely to occur in the Maekel (central) region (AOR = 3.76, 95% CI: 1.19, 11.92; p = 0.024) compared to the remaining regions combined. In conclusion, the sales of antibiotics without prescription in the drug retail outlets of Eritrea is alarming which requires immediate attention from policymakers.