Quantifying the roles of vomiting, diarrhea, and residents vs. staff in norovirus transmission in U.S. nursing home outbreaks

• Published in: PLoS computational biology 2020-03, Vol.16 (3), p.e1007271-e1007271
• Main Authors: Adams, Carly, Young, David, Gastañaduy, Paul A, Paul, Prabasaj, Marsh, Zach, Hall, Aron J, Lopman, Benjamin A
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Age; Biology and life sciences; Confidence intervals; Cross infection; Demography; Diarrhea; Disease control; Disease prevention; Epidemics; Epidemiology; Estimates; Fever; Hospitalization; Infections; Infectivity; Laboratories; Long term health care; Medicine and Health Sciences; Nursing; Nursing homes; Outbreaks; Physical Sciences; Population; Probability distribution; Public health; Research and Analysis Methods; Respiratory diseases; Setting (Literature); Vomiting
• ISSN: 1553-7358; 1553-734X; 1553-7358
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1007271

The role of individual case characteristics, such as symptoms or demographics, in norovirus transmissibility is poorly understood. Six nursing home norovirus outbreaks occurring in South Carolina, U.S. from 2014 to 2016 were examined. We aimed to quantify the contribution of symptoms and other case characteristics in norovirus transmission using the reproduction number (REi) as an estimate of individual case infectivity and to examine how transmission changes over the course of an outbreak. Individual estimates of REi were calculated using a maximum likelihood procedure to infer the average number of secondary cases generated by each case. The associations between case characteristics and REi were estimated using a weighted multivariate mixed linear model. Outbreaks began with one to three index case(s) with large estimated REi's (range: 1.48 to 8.70) relative to subsequent cases. Of the 209 cases, 155 (75%) vomited, 164 (79%) had diarrhea, and 158 (76%) were nursing home residents (vs. staff). Cases who vomited infected 2.12 (95% CI: 1.68, 2.68) times the number of individuals as non-vomiters, cases with diarrhea infected 1.39 (95% CI: 1.03, 1.87) times the number of individuals as cases without diarrhea, and resident-cases infected 1.53 (95% CI: 1.15, 2.02) times the number of individuals as staff-cases. Index cases tended to be residents (vs. staff) who vomited and infected considerably more secondary cases compared to non-index cases. Results suggest that individuals, particularly residents, who vomit are more infectious and tend to drive norovirus transmission in U.S. nursing home norovirus outbreaks. While diarrhea also plays a role in norovirus transmission, it is to a lesser degree than vomiting in these settings. Results lend support for prevention and control measures that focus on cases who vomit, particularly if those cases are residents.