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Intra-host changes in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genomes in Ugandan adults with Kaposi sarcoma

Intra-host tumor virus variants may influence the pathogenesis and treatment responses of some virally-associated cancers. However, the intra-host variability of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiologic agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), has to date been explored with sequencing techno...

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Published in:PLoS pathogens 2021-01, Vol.17 (1), p.e1008594-e1008594
Main Authors: Santiago, Jan Clement, Goldman, Jason D, Zhao, Hong, Pankow, Alec P, Okuku, Fred, Schmitt, Michael W, Chen, Lennie H, Hill, C Alexander, Casper, Corey, Phipps, Warren T, Mullins, James I
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Goldman, Jason D
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Mullins, James I
description Intra-host tumor virus variants may influence the pathogenesis and treatment responses of some virally-associated cancers. However, the intra-host variability of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiologic agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), has to date been explored with sequencing technologies that possibly introduce more errors than that which occurs in the viral population, and these studies have only studied variable regions. Here, full-length KSHV genomes in tumors and/or oral swabs from 9 Ugandan adults with HIV-associated KS were characterized. Furthermore, we used deep, short-read sequencing using duplex unique molecular identifiers (dUMI)-random double-stranded oligonucleotides that barcode individual DNA molecules before library amplification. This allowed suppression of PCR and sequencing errors to ~10-9/base as well as afforded accurate determination of KSHV genome numbers sequenced in each sample. KSHV genomes were assembled de novo, and rearrangements observed were confirmed by PCR and Sanger sequencing. 131-kb KSHV genome sequences, excluding major repeat regions, were successfully obtained from 23 clinical specimens, averaging 2.3x104 reads/base. Strikingly, KSHV genomes were virtually identical within individuals at the point mutational level. The intra-host heterogeneity that was observed was confined to tumor-associated KSHV mutations and genome rearrangements, all impacting protein-coding sequences. Although it is unclear whether these changes were important to tumorigenesis or occurred as a result of genomic instability in tumors, similar changes were observed across individuals. These included inactivation of the K8.1 gene in tumors of 3 individuals and retention of a region around the first major internal repeat (IR1) in all instances of genomic deletions and rearrangements. Notably, the same breakpoint junctions were found in distinct tumors within single individuals, suggesting metastatic spread of rearranged KSHV genomes. These findings define KSHV intra-host heterogeneity in vivo with greater precision than has been possible in the past and suggest the possibility that aberrant KSHV genomes may contribute to aspects of KS tumorigenesis. Furthermore, study of KSHV with use of dUMI provides a proof of concept for utilizing this technique for detailed study of other virus populations in vivo.
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However, the intra-host variability of Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus (KSHV), the etiologic agent of Kaposi sarcoma (KS), has to date been explored with sequencing technologies that possibly introduce more errors than that which occurs in the viral population, and these studies have only studied variable regions. Here, full-length KSHV genomes in tumors and/or oral swabs from 9 Ugandan adults with HIV-associated KS were characterized. Furthermore, we used deep, short-read sequencing using duplex unique molecular identifiers (dUMI)-random double-stranded oligonucleotides that barcode individual DNA molecules before library amplification. This allowed suppression of PCR and sequencing errors to ~10-9/base as well as afforded accurate determination of KSHV genome numbers sequenced in each sample. 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Notably, the same breakpoint junctions were found in distinct tumors within single individuals, suggesting metastatic spread of rearranged KSHV genomes. These findings define KSHV intra-host heterogeneity in vivo with greater precision than has been possible in the past and suggest the possibility that aberrant KSHV genomes may contribute to aspects of KS tumorigenesis. Furthermore, study of KSHV with use of dUMI provides a proof of concept for utilizing this technique for detailed study of other virus populations in vivo.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>33465147</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.ppat.1008594</doi><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9108-1683</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3609-661X</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9528-8366</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4409-3221</orcidid><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3825-6832</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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subjects Adult
Angiogenesis
Biology and Life Sciences
Biopsy
Cancer therapies
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Cell adhesion
Cell adhesion & migration
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Copy number
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Development and progression
DNA
DNA probes
DNA, Viral - analysis
DNA, Viral - genetics
Female
Gene amplification
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Genetic aspects
Genetic research
Genetic variation
Genome, Viral
Genomes
Genomics
Health aspects
Herpesvirus 8, Human - classification
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Heterogeneity
HIV
Host Specificity
Human immunodeficiency virus
Humans
Infections
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Kaposi's sarcoma
Kaposis sarcoma
Liquid nitrogen
Male
Medical research
Medicine and Health Sciences
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MicroRNAs
Middle Aged
Mucosa
Pathogenesis
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Principal components analysis
Research and Analysis Methods
Sarcoma
Sarcoma, Kaposi - epidemiology
Sarcoma, Kaposi - virology
Uganda - epidemiology
Viruses
title Intra-host changes in Kaposi sarcoma-associated herpesvirus genomes in Ugandan adults with Kaposi sarcoma
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