Gender differences in suicide-related communication of young suicide victims

• Published in: PloS one 2021-05, Vol.16 (5), p.e0252028-e0252028
• Main Authors: Balt, Elias, Mérelle, Saskia, van Bergen, Diana, Gilissen, Renske, van der Post, Pommeline, Looijmans, Milou, Creemers, Daan, Rasing, Sanne, Mulder, Wico, van Domburgh, Lieke, Popma, Arne
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adolescent; Adolescents; Behavior; Biology and Life Sciences; Child & adolescent psychiatry; Child development; Children; Children & youth; Communication; Data Mining; Demographic aspects; Editing; Female; Gender; Gender aspects; Gender differences; Gender identity; Girls; Health care facilities; Health risks; Humans; Internet Use; Interviews; Male; Males; Medicine and Health Sciences; Mental health; Methodology; Netherlands; Prevention; Psychiatry; Psychological aspects; Reviews; Sex differences; Sex Factors; Social Sciences; Suicidal behavior; Suicidal Ideation; Suicide; Suicide - psychology; Suicides & suicide attempts; Teenagers; Time Factors; Young Adult; Young adults; Youth
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0252028

There is limited insight into gender differences in suicide-related communication (SRC) in youths. SRC is defined as "the act of conveying one's own suicide ideation, intent or behaviours to another person". Increasing our understanding of SRC in youths will enable us to recognize and specify needs of female versus male youths. The current study explores SRC in a sample of Dutch suicide victims aged under 20 and examines gender differences. Interview data from a psychological autopsy study of 35 youths who died by suicide in the Netherlands in 2017 were analysed. Qualitative analyses were performed to examine explicit SRC throughout the youths' lives and implicit SRC during the last months prior to suicide. We employed the Constant Comparative Method to explore patterns in the debut, form, frequency, medium, content, type of recipient, and SRC in the last months prior to suicide death. We identified commonalities in the SRC of youths, including the content of suicide notes and an emphasis on suicide method and preparation in the last months. Girls, however, had an earlier debut of SRC, a higher frequency of explicit SRC, and more often directed SRC towards varied types of recipients compared to boys. Moreover, SRC of girls seemed focused on coping and achieving support from others more than SRC of boys. The SRC of boys in comparison to girls was often ambiguous or diluted by "humorous" connotations. Unique patterns in SRC of boys and girls posed corresponding challenges for next of kin to interpret communications and respond adequately to SRC. The early debut of girls' SRC highlights the importance of early screening and prevention efforts in girls, while the late debut and ambiguity in boys' SRC implores professionals and next of kin to encourage young males to be unequivocal about suicide ideation or intent.