Innovative tracking, active search and follow-up strategies for new leprosy cases in the female prison population

• Published in: PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2021-08, Vol.15 (8), p.e0009716-e0009716
• Main Authors: Silva, Claudia Maria Lincoln, Bernardes Filho, Fred, Voltan, Glauber, Santana, Jaci Maria, Leite, Marcel Nani, Lima, Filipe Rocha, Santana, Luisiane de Avila, de Paula, Natália Aparecida, Onofre, Patricia Toscano Barreto Nogueira, Marques-Junior, Wilson, Tomaz, Vanessa Aparecida, Pinese, Carmem Sílvia Vilela, Frade, Marco Andrey Cipriani
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biology and Life Sciences; Control; Disease transmission; Epidemiologic methods; Females; Health aspects; Incubation period; Leprosy; Limbs; Management; Medicine and Health Sciences; Nerves; Pain; Peripheral nerves; Population; Prisoners; Prisons; Questionnaires; Research and Analysis Methods; Risk factors; Serology; Signs and symptoms; Skin; Social Sciences; Symptoms; Therapy; Tracking; Tracking equipment; Transmission; Tropical diseases; Women prisoners
• ISSN: 1935-2735; 1935-2727; 1935-2735
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0009716

Background Regarding the leprosy transmission through the upper airways, overcrowded locations such as prisons can become a risk to get sick. Like the leprosy hidden endemic demonstrated in male prison population, being interesting to assess the leprosy scene also among confined women. Methods A prospective descriptive study conducted at Female Penitentiary, Brazil. Leprosy Suspicion Questionnaire (LSQ) were applied to the participants, and submitted to specialized dermatoneurological exam, peripheral nerve ultrasonography, and anti-PGL-I serology. Findings 404 female inmates were evaluated, 14 new cases were diagnosed (LG-leprosy group), a new case detection rate (NCDR) of 3.4%, 13 multibacillary, while another 390 constituted the Non-Leprosy group (NLG). Leprosy cases were followed up during multidrug therapy with clinical improvement. The confinement time median was 31 months in LG, similar to NLG, less than the time of leprosy incubation. Regarding LSQ, the neurological symptoms reached the highest x.sup.2 values as Q1-numbness (5.6), Q3-anesthetizes areas in the skin (7.5), Q5-Stinging sensation (5.8), and Q7-pain in the nerves (34.7), while Q4-spots on the skin was 4.94. When more than one question were marked in the LSQ means a 12.8-fold higher to have the disease than a subject who marked only one or none. The high 34% rate of anti-PGL-I seropositivity in the penitentiary, higher levels in LG than NLG. Three additional leprosy cases each were diagnosed on the second (n = 66) and third (n = 14) reevaluations 18 and 36 months after the initial one. Semmes-Weinstein monofilaments demonstrated lower limbs (32.2%) more affected than the upper limbs (25%) with improvement during the follow-up. Interpretation The NCDR in this population showed an hidden endemic of leprosy as well as the efficacy of a search action on the part of a specialized team with the aid of the LSQ and anti-PGL-I serology as an auxiliary tracking tools.