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Evaluation of the scolicidal activities of eugenol essential oil and its nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of hydatid cysts

Cystic echinococcosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus remains a serious helminthic zoonosis affecting humans and animals in many endemic developing countries. Surgical intervention is the best management choice, although it is associated with high recurrence rates and serious complicat...

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Published in:PloS one 2021-11, Vol.16 (11), p.e0259290
Main Authors: Maurice, Maria Naged, Huseein, Enas Abdelhameed Mahmoud, Monib, Mohamed El-Salahy M M, Alsharif, Fahd M, Namazi, Nader Ibrahim, Ahmad, Alzahraa Abdelraouf
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creator Maurice, Maria Naged
Huseein, Enas Abdelhameed Mahmoud
Monib, Mohamed El-Salahy M M
Alsharif, Fahd M
Namazi, Nader Ibrahim
Ahmad, Alzahraa Abdelraouf
description Cystic echinococcosis caused by the cestode Echinococcus granulosus remains a serious helminthic zoonosis affecting humans and animals in many endemic developing countries. Surgical intervention is the best management choice, although it is associated with high recurrence rates and serious complications. Also, the commonly used chemotherapeutics exhibited serious side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protoscolicidal effects of eugenol (Eug) essential oil and its nanoemulsion (Eug-NE) against protoscoleces (PCs) of hydatid cysts in vitro. Eug-NE was prepared and characterized. Their cytotoxicity on macrophages was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. E. granulosus PCs were treated with various concentrations of Eug and Eug-NE at different exposure times. The viability of protoscoleces was evaluated by the eosin exclusion test, and the changes in the morphology of protoscoleces were assessed. Albendazole (ABZ) was used as a positive control. The cellular cytotoxicity of Eug and Eug-NE on macrophage cells, in minimum and maximum concentrations (0.2 and 1 μl/mL), were nearly negligible ranging from 4.7% to 8.3% and 3.7% to 7.2%, respectively. The results showed highly significant activity of Eug-NE and Eug against hydatid PCs compared to ABZ (P < 0.05). Eug and Eug-NE have similar protoscolicidal effects at all used concentrations. Their highest scolicidal activity (100% mortality rate) was recorded at 1 μl/ml after 30 min incubation (LC50 = 0.298-LC90 = 0.521 and LC50 = 0.309-LC90 = 0.646, respectively). Both formulations showed time- and dose-dependent effects. This study suggested the potent scolicidal activities of Eug and Eug-NE as promising alternative scolicidal agents. Future studies are recommended to explore the mechanism of action and treatment response in vivo and clinical settings.
doi_str_mv 10.1371/journal.pone.0259290
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Surgical intervention is the best management choice, although it is associated with high recurrence rates and serious complications. Also, the commonly used chemotherapeutics exhibited serious side effects. This study aimed to evaluate the protoscolicidal effects of eugenol (Eug) essential oil and its nanoemulsion (Eug-NE) against protoscoleces (PCs) of hydatid cysts in vitro. Eug-NE was prepared and characterized. Their cytotoxicity on macrophages was assessed by the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay. E. granulosus PCs were treated with various concentrations of Eug and Eug-NE at different exposure times. The viability of protoscoleces was evaluated by the eosin exclusion test, and the changes in the morphology of protoscoleces were assessed. Albendazole (ABZ) was used as a positive control. The cellular cytotoxicity of Eug and Eug-NE on macrophage cells, in minimum and maximum concentrations (0.2 and 1 μl/mL), were nearly negligible ranging from 4.7% to 8.3% and 3.7% to 7.2%, respectively. The results showed highly significant activity of Eug-NE and Eug against hydatid PCs compared to ABZ (P &lt; 0.05). Eug and Eug-NE have similar protoscolicidal effects at all used concentrations. Their highest scolicidal activity (100% mortality rate) was recorded at 1 μl/ml after 30 min incubation (LC50 = 0.298-LC90 = 0.521 and LC50 = 0.309-LC90 = 0.646, respectively). Both formulations showed time- and dose-dependent effects. This study suggested the potent scolicidal activities of Eug and Eug-NE as promising alternative scolicidal agents. Future studies are recommended to explore the mechanism of action and treatment response in vivo and clinical settings.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>34762675</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0259290</doi><tpages>e0259290</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2947-3122</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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identifier ISSN: 1932-6203
ispartof PloS one, 2021-11, Vol.16 (11), p.e0259290
issn 1932-6203
1932-6203
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source Publicly Available Content Database; PubMed Central
subjects Albendazole
Albendazole - pharmacology
Animals
Anthelmintics - pharmacology
Antimicrobial agents
Biocompatibility
Biology and Life Sciences
Bromides
Care and treatment
Chemotherapy
Complications
Cysts
Cytotoxicity
Developing countries
Diagnosis
Echinococcosis
Echinococcosis - drug therapy
Echinococcosis - parasitology
Echinococcus granulosus - drug effects
Emulsions
Essential oils
Eugenol
Eugenol - pharmacology
Evaluation
Humans
In vitro methods and tests
In vivo methods and tests
Incubation
LDCs
Macrophages
Macrophages - drug effects
Macrophages - parasitology
Medicine
Medicine and Health Sciences
Mice
Morphology
Nanoemulsions
Oils & fats
Oils, Volatile - chemistry
Oils, Volatile - pharmacology
Parasitology
Pharmaceutical sciences
Pharmacy
RAW 264.7 Cells
Side effects
Surgery
Toxicity
Tropical diseases
Zoonoses
title Evaluation of the scolicidal activities of eugenol essential oil and its nanoemulsion against protoscoleces of hydatid cysts
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