Microbial (co)infections: Powerful immune influencers

It is well established that by modulating various immune functions, host infection may alter the course of concomitant inflammatory diseases, of both infectious and autoimmune etiologies. Beyond the major impact of commensal microbiota on the immune status, host exposure to viral, bacterial, and/or...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PLoS pathogens 2022-02, Vol.18 (2), p.e1010212-e1010212
Main Authors: Hassan, Ali, Blanchard, Nicolas
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analysis
Animals
Bacterial infections
Biology and Life Sciences
Coinfection
Comorbidity
Damage tolerance
Development and progression
Epidemiology
Etiology
Health aspects
Host-Pathogen Interactions
Human health and pathology
Humans
Hygiene
Hygiene Hypothesis
Immune response
Immune status
Immune Tolerance
Immunity
Immunological tolerance
Immunomodulation
Infections
Infectious diseases
Inflammation
Inflammatory diseases
Influence
Influenza
Life Sciences
Medicine and Health Sciences
Microbiota
Microorganisms
Parasites
Pathogens
Prognosis
Research and Analysis Methods
Review
Symbiosis
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Summary:It is well established that by modulating various immune functions, host infection may alter the course of concomitant inflammatory diseases, of both infectious and autoimmune etiologies. Beyond the major impact of commensal microbiota on the immune status, host exposure to viral, bacterial, and/or parasitic microorganisms also dramatically influences inflammatory diseases in the host, in a beneficial or harmful manner. Moreover, by modifying pathogen control and host tolerance to tissue damage, a coinfection can profoundly affect the development of a concomitant infectious disease. Here, we review the diverse mechanisms that underlie the impact of (co)infections on inflammatory disorders. We discuss epidemiological studies in the context of the hygiene hypothesis and shed light on the sometimes dual impact of germ exposure on human susceptibility to inflammatory disease. We then summarize the immunomodulatory mechanisms at play, which can involve pleiotropic effects of immune players and discuss the possibility to harness pathogen-derived compounds to the host benefit.
ISSN:1553-7374
1553-7366
1553-7374
DOI:10.1371/journal.ppat.1010212