Seasonal variation in water use for hygiene in Oromia, Ethiopia, and its implications for trachoma control: An intensive observational study

• Published in: PLoS neglected tropical diseases 2022-05, Vol.16 (5), p.e0010424
• Main Authors: Greenland, Katie, Czerniewska, Alexandra, Guye, Meseret, Legesse, Demitu, Ahmed Mume, Asanti, Shafi Abdurahman, Oumer, Abraham Aga, Muluadam, Miecha, Hirpha, Shumi Bejiga, Gemechu, Sarah, Virginia, Burton, Matthew, Last, Anna
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Behavior; Biology and Life Sciences; Bodywashes; Child; Child, Preschool; Children & youth; Chlamydia; Consent; Data collection; Design; Disease transmission; Dry season; Earth Sciences; Ecology and Environmental Sciences; Ethiopia - epidemiology; Face; Families & family life; Focus groups; Health aspects; Holidays & special occasions; Households; Humans; Hygiene; Infant; Infant, Newborn; Infant, Newborn, Diseases; Management; Medicine and Health Sciences; Morning; Observational studies; Physical Sciences; Prevention; Rain; Rainy season; Risk Factors; Seasonal variation; Seasonal variations; Seasons; Soaps; Trachoma; Trachoma - epidemiology; Trachoma - prevention & control; Tropical diseases; Washing; Water; Water availability; Water scarcity; Water supply; Water use; Wet season
• ISSN: 1935-2735; 1935-2727; 1935-2735
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pntd.0010424

If facial hygiene practices vary seasonally this could have important implications for the design of interventions for trachoma control. This observational study was conducted to explore seasonal variation in hygiene behaviours in 9 households with at least one child aged 1-9 years-of-age in the West Arsi zone in rural Oromia, Ethiopia. Sixty-one household members were observed intensively over two days in the dry season (January), the rainy season (July) and during the harvest period (October) in 2018. Structured record forms were used to document household water availability and use. Daily water use per capita was very low in all seasons (3.1-4.2 litres). Around one third of water consumed in households in all seasons was associated with body washing. Soap was used during 44 of 677 (6%) of these observed occasions and half of all body washes (n = 340; 50%) included face washing. Overall, 95% of 58 individuals washed their faces at least once between 06:30h and 21:30h in the dry season (21% with soap), compared with 79% in the rainy season (2% with soap) (p = 0.013). Sixty-five percent of householders washed their faces during the harvest observation period (06:30h to 17:30h), none of whom used soap. Twenty-eight percent of 204 children aged 11 and under still had ocular or nasal discharge on their faces after washing. Seventy-three percent of those who washed their faces did so more than once in the dry season, compared with 33% in the rainy season (p