Effects of sea salt intake on metabolites, steroid hormones, and gut microbiota in rats

High salt intake is positively linked to many health problems, but the effect of mineral-rich sea salt (SS) has rarely been studied. To better understand the physiological effects of SS intake, the changes in general characteristics, metabolites, steroid hormones, and gut microbiota of SS-fed rats w...

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Published in:PloS one 2022-08, Vol.17 (8), p.e0269014-e0269014
Main Authors: Chanmuang, Saoraya, Kim, Bo-Min, Gu, Su-Yeon, Son, Ye-Jin, Le, Huong-Giang, Nam, Young-Do, Song, Eun-Ji, Ham, Kyung-Sik, Kim, Hyun-Jin
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Bacteria
Biology and Life Sciences
Body weight
Cholesterol
Cytokines
Data processing
Diet
Earth Sciences
Estrogens
Gene expression
Health aspects
Health problems
Hormones
Hypertension
Intestinal microflora
Kidney diseases
Lipids
Males
Mass spectrometry
Medicine and Health Sciences
Metabolites
Microbiota
Microbiota (Symbiotic organisms)
Physiological effects
Physiology
Plasma
Probiotics
Salt
Salt content
Salts
Scientific imaging
Social Sciences
Sodium
Steroid hormones
Steroids
Tumor necrosis factor-TNF
Urea
Urine
Water intake
Water intakes
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Summary:High salt intake is positively linked to many health problems, but the effect of mineral-rich sea salt (SS) has rarely been studied. To better understand the physiological effects of SS intake, the changes in general characteristics, metabolites, steroid hormones, and gut microbiota of SS-fed rats were investigated. Male rats were fed either a normal diet (ND, control) or ND containing 1% SS or 4% SS for 5 weeks. SS intake decreased fat, spleen, liver, and body weight, and increased blood urea nitrogen (BUN), water intake, and gut salt content. Accumulated gut salt content led to a decrease in beneficial bacteria, such as Lachnospiraceae and Lactobacillus, but an increase in potentially harmful bacteria, resulting in a change in lipid metabolites associated with gut health. Interestingly, most renal lysophosphatidylcholines (LPCs) associated with many renal functions were dramatically decreased and female hormones, such as estrogens, were significantly more altered than the male hormones by high SS intake. Although further investigation is needed, these data suggest that high SS intake could be positively linked to kidney dysfunction and gut health problems, and salt-related physiological changes may be sex-specific. Additionally, these data will be useful to better under-stand the physiological effects of SS intake.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0269014