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Self-control and SAT outcomes: Evidence from two national field studies
Self-control is often thought to be synonymous with willpower, defined as the direct modulation of impulses in order to do what is best in the long-run. However, research has also identified more strategic approaches to self-control that require less effort than willpower. To date, field research is...
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Published in: | PloS one 2022-09, Vol.17 (9), p.e0274380-e0274380 |
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description | Self-control is often thought to be synonymous with willpower, defined as the direct modulation of impulses in order to do what is best in the long-run. However, research has also identified more strategic approaches to self-control that require less effort than willpower. To date, field research is lacking that compares the efficacy of willpower to strategic self-control for consequential and objectively measured real-world outcomes. In collaboration with the College Board, we surveyed two national samples of high school students about how they motivated themselves to study for the SAT college admission exam. In Study 1 (N = 5,563), compared to willpower, strategic self-control predicted more hours of SAT practice and higher SAT scores, even when controlling for prior PSAT scores. Additionally, the more self-control strategies students deployed, the higher their SAT scores. Consistent with dose-response curves in other domains, there were positive albeit diminishing marginal returns to additional strategies. Mediation analyses suggest that the benefits of self-control strategies to SAT scores was fully explained by increased practice time. These results were confirmed in Study 2, a preregistered replication with N = 14,259 high school students. Compared to willpower, strategic self-control may be especially beneficial in facilitating the pursuit of goals in high-stakes, real-world situations. |
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However, research has also identified more strategic approaches to self-control that require less effort than willpower. To date, field research is lacking that compares the efficacy of willpower to strategic self-control for consequential and objectively measured real-world outcomes. In collaboration with the College Board, we surveyed two national samples of high school students about how they motivated themselves to study for the SAT college admission exam. In Study 1 (N = 5,563), compared to willpower, strategic self-control predicted more hours of SAT practice and higher SAT scores, even when controlling for prior PSAT scores. Additionally, the more self-control strategies students deployed, the higher their SAT scores. Consistent with dose-response curves in other domains, there were positive albeit diminishing marginal returns to additional strategies. Mediation analyses suggest that the benefits of self-control strategies to SAT scores was fully explained by increased practice time. These results were confirmed in Study 2, a preregistered replication with N = 14,259 high school students. Compared to willpower, strategic self-control may be especially beneficial in facilitating the pursuit of goals in high-stakes, real-world situations.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1932-6203</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0274380</identifier><identifier>PMID: 36170325</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>United States: Public Library of Science</publisher><subject>Academic achievement ; Analysis ; Biology and Life Sciences ; College students ; Educational Status ; Ethnicity ; Humans ; Laboratories ; Management ; Mediation ; Medicine and Health Sciences ; People and Places ; Predictive control ; Research and Analysis Methods ; SAT assessment ; Secondary school students ; Secondary schools ; Self control ; Social Sciences ; Standard deviation ; Students ; Universities ; Volition</subject><ispartof>PloS one, 2022-09, Vol.17 (9), p.e0274380-e0274380</ispartof><rights>COPYRIGHT 2022 Public Library of Science</rights><rights>2022 Baldwin et al. This is an open access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License: http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are credited. Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><rights>2022 Baldwin et al 2022 Baldwin et al</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-a40ba70b5822cc118fc28a0e838a8f56fbfe29e283ec300405bab79cb77d95233</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c692t-a40ba70b5822cc118fc28a0e838a8f56fbfe29e283ec300405bab79cb77d95233</cites><orcidid>0000-0003-0685-1706</orcidid></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2718856428/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/2718856428?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$Hfree_for_read</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>230,314,727,780,784,885,25753,27924,27925,37012,37013,44590,53791,53793,75126</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttps://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/36170325$$D View this record in MEDLINE/PubMed$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><contributor>Carvalho, Paulo F.</contributor><creatorcontrib>Baldwin, Chayce R</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Haimovitz, Kyla</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Shankar, Priya</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gallop, Robert</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Yeager, David</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Gross, James J</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Duckworth, Angela L</creatorcontrib><title>Self-control and SAT outcomes: Evidence from two national field studies</title><title>PloS one</title><addtitle>PLoS One</addtitle><description>Self-control is often thought to be synonymous with willpower, defined as the direct modulation of impulses in order to do what is best in the long-run. However, research has also identified more strategic approaches to self-control that require less effort than willpower. To date, field research is lacking that compares the efficacy of willpower to strategic self-control for consequential and objectively measured real-world outcomes. In collaboration with the College Board, we surveyed two national samples of high school students about how they motivated themselves to study for the SAT college admission exam. In Study 1 (N = 5,563), compared to willpower, strategic self-control predicted more hours of SAT practice and higher SAT scores, even when controlling for prior PSAT scores. Additionally, the more self-control strategies students deployed, the higher their SAT scores. Consistent with dose-response curves in other domains, there were positive albeit diminishing marginal returns to additional strategies. Mediation analyses suggest that the benefits of self-control strategies to SAT scores was fully explained by increased practice time. These results were confirmed in Study 2, a preregistered replication with N = 14,259 high school students. 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modulation of impulses in order to do what is best in the long-run. However, research has also identified more strategic approaches to self-control that require less effort than willpower. To date, field research is lacking that compares the efficacy of willpower to strategic self-control for consequential and objectively measured real-world outcomes. In collaboration with the College Board, we surveyed two national samples of high school students about how they motivated themselves to study for the SAT college admission exam. In Study 1 (N = 5,563), compared to willpower, strategic self-control predicted more hours of SAT practice and higher SAT scores, even when controlling for prior PSAT scores. Additionally, the more self-control strategies students deployed, the higher their SAT scores. Consistent with dose-response curves in other domains, there were positive albeit diminishing marginal returns to additional strategies. Mediation analyses suggest that the benefits of self-control strategies to SAT scores was fully explained by increased practice time. These results were confirmed in Study 2, a preregistered replication with N = 14,259 high school students. Compared to willpower, strategic self-control may be especially beneficial in facilitating the pursuit of goals in high-stakes, real-world situations.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>36170325</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0274380</doi><tpages>e0274380</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0685-1706</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Academic achievement Analysis Biology and Life Sciences College students Educational Status Ethnicity Humans Laboratories Management Mediation Medicine and Health Sciences People and Places Predictive control Research and Analysis Methods SAT assessment Secondary school students Secondary schools Self control Social Sciences Standard deviation Students Universities Volition |
title | Self-control and SAT outcomes: Evidence from two national field studies |
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