Analysis of costs and utilization of ambulance services in the ministry of health facilities, Malaysia

• Published in: PloS one 2022-11, Vol.17 (11), p.e0276632-e0276632
• Main Authors: Bahari, Mohd Shahri, Aminuddin, Farhana, Raman, Sivaraj, Hanafiah, Ainul Nadziha Mohd, Kunusagaran, Mohd Shaiful Jefri Mohd Nor Sham, Zaimi, Nur Amalina, Hassan, Nor Zam Azihan Mohd, Mohamad Nor, Ahmad Tajuddin
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Ambulance service; Ambulance services; Ambulances; Analysis; Biology and Life Sciences; Capital costs; Cost analysis; Costs; Discount rates; Earth Sciences; Emergency medical care; Emergency service; Emergency vehicles; Engineering; Engineering and Technology; Equipment costs; Geographical locations; Health care expenditures; Health care facilities; Health facilities; Hospital facilities; Hospitals; Logbooks; Maintenance; Medical care; Medical care, Cost of; Medical equipment; Medicine and Health Sciences; Overhead costs; People and Places; Personnel; Physical Sciences; Procurement policy; Public health; Sample size; Social Sciences; Travel; Useful life; Utilization; Wages & salaries
• ISSN: 1932-6203; 1932-6203
• DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0276632

Background Despite emergency ambulance services playing a pivotal role in accessibility to life-saving treatments in Malaysia, there are still numerous gaps in knowledge in terms of their utilization and cost. This leads to current policies on procurement, maintenance, and allocation being predicated on historical evidence and expert opinions. This study thus aims to analyse the cost and utilization of ambulance services in selected public health facilities in Malaysia. Methods A cross-sectional study was employed involving 239 ambulances from selected hospitals and clinics. Ambulance service utilization was based on the number of trips, distance and duration of travel obtained from travel logbooks. A mixed top-down and activity-based costing approach was used to estimate the monthly cost of ambulance services. This constituted personnel, maintenance, fuel, overhead, consumables, ambulance, and medical equipment costs. The utilization and costs of ambulance services were further compared between settings and geographical locations. Results The average total cost of ambulance services was MYR 11,410.44 (US$ 2,756.14) for hospitals and MYR 9,574.39 (US$ 2,312.65) for clinics, albeit not significantly different. Personnel cost was found to be the main contributor to the total cost, at around 44% and 42% in hospitals and clinics, respectively. There was however a significant difference in the total cost in terms of the type and age of ambulances, in addition to their location. In terms of service utilization, the median number of trips and duration of ambulance usage was significantly higher in clinics (31.88 trips and 58.58 hours) compared to hospitals (16.25 trips and 39.25 hours). Conclusions The total cost of ambulance services was higher in hospitals compared to clinics, while its utilization showed a converse trend. The current findings evidence that despite the ambulance services being all under the MOH, their operating process and utilization reflected an inherent difference by setting.