The effect of COVID-19 vaccination on the menstrual pattern and mental health of the medical students: A mixed-methods study from a low and middle-income country

To assess the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on menstrual patterns and mental health of medical students and to explore the students' perspective regarding this effect. This mixed-method study was conducted on the medical and dental students of the private and public sector institutions of Pesh...

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Published in:PloS one 2022-11, Vol.17 (11), p.e0277288
Main Authors: Kareem, Rabia, Sethi, Mifrah Rauf, Inayat, Sumaira, Irfan, Muhammad
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Abnormalities
Adult
Anxiety
Biology and Life Sciences
Brand names
Chi-square test
Coronaviruses
COVID-19 - epidemiology
COVID-19 - prevention & control
COVID-19 vaccines
COVID-19 Vaccines - adverse effects
Cross-Sectional Studies
Developing Countries
Female
Females
Fertility
Forecasts and trends
Health aspects
Humans
Immunization
Independent sample
Medical students
Medicine and Health Sciences
Menstrual cycle
Menstruation
Menstruation - psychology
Mental depression
Mental Health
Mixed methods research
Pandemics
Psychological aspects
Psychology
Public sector
Questionnaires
Reproductive health
Side effects
Social Sciences
Statistical analysis
Students
Students, Medical - psychology
Vaccination
Vaccines
Young Adult
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creator Kareem, Rabia
Sethi, Mifrah Rauf
Inayat, Sumaira
Irfan, Muhammad
description To assess the effect of COVID-19 vaccination on menstrual patterns and mental health of medical students and to explore the students' perspective regarding this effect. This mixed-method study was conducted on the medical and dental students of the private and public sector institutions of Peshawar from September 2021 to March 2022. A Menstrual symptom questionnaire (MSQ) and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) were used. This was followed by qualitative interviews with the students who faced problems in their menstruation after the COVID-19 vaccination. A total of 953 students were included, with a mean age of 20.67±1. 56 years. More than half (n = 512, 53.7%) experienced menstrual cycle abnormalities post-vaccination. The majority having disturbances in their menstrual cycle had significantly higher levels of anxiety (p = 0.000). Results on the menstrual symptom questionnaire, anxiety, and depression subtype of HADS showed a negative and statistically significant relationship with changes after COVID-19 vaccination (p
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This mixed-method study was conducted on the medical and dental students of the private and public sector institutions of Peshawar from September 2021 to March 2022. A Menstrual symptom questionnaire (MSQ) and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) were used. This was followed by qualitative interviews with the students who faced problems in their menstruation after the COVID-19 vaccination. A total of 953 students were included, with a mean age of 20.67±1. 56 years. More than half (n = 512, 53.7%) experienced menstrual cycle abnormalities post-vaccination. The majority having disturbances in their menstrual cycle had significantly higher levels of anxiety (p = 0.000). Results on the menstrual symptom questionnaire, anxiety, and depression subtype of HADS showed a negative and statistically significant relationship with changes after COVID-19 vaccination (p&lt;0.05). In the qualitative interviews, 10 (58.8%) students each had problems with frequency and flow, followed by 7 (41.2%) students, who had dysmenorrhea. Seven (41.2%) consulted a gynecologist for management. The majority (n = 14, 82.4%) stated that these issues had an adverse impact on their mental health and almost half (n = 8, 47.1%) suggested consulting a gynecologist while facing such situations. This study showed the impact of the COVID-19 vaccine on women`s menstrual patterns and subsequent mental health status. Although the majority of the students experienced menstrual cycle abnormalities and subsequent mental health adversities post COVID-19 vaccination but these were temporary and self-limiting and were attributed to the psychological impact of the vaccination. 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This mixed-method study was conducted on the medical and dental students of the private and public sector institutions of Peshawar from September 2021 to March 2022. A Menstrual symptom questionnaire (MSQ) and hospital anxiety and depression scale (HADS) were used. This was followed by qualitative interviews with the students who faced problems in their menstruation after the COVID-19 vaccination. A total of 953 students were included, with a mean age of 20.67±1. 56 years. More than half (n = 512, 53.7%) experienced menstrual cycle abnormalities post-vaccination. The majority having disturbances in their menstrual cycle had significantly higher levels of anxiety (p = 0.000). Results on the menstrual symptom questionnaire, anxiety, and depression subtype of HADS showed a negative and statistically significant relationship with changes after COVID-19 vaccination (p&lt;0.05). In the qualitative interviews, 10 (58.8%) students each had problems with frequency and flow, followed by 7 (41.2%) students, who had dysmenorrhea. Seven (41.2%) consulted a gynecologist for management. The majority (n = 14, 82.4%) stated that these issues had an adverse impact on their mental health and almost half (n = 8, 47.1%) suggested consulting a gynecologist while facing such situations. This study showed the impact of the COVID-19 vaccine on women`s menstrual patterns and subsequent mental health status. Although the majority of the students experienced menstrual cycle abnormalities and subsequent mental health adversities post COVID-19 vaccination but these were temporary and self-limiting and were attributed to the psychological impact of the vaccination. Therefore, it is imperative to alert health care professionals about possible side effects and prior counseling is expected to play an important role in this context.</abstract><cop>United States</cop><pub>Public Library of Science</pub><pmid>36355919</pmid><doi>10.1371/journal.pone.0277288</doi><tpages>e0277288</tpages><orcidid>https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3307-6939</orcidid><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record>
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source Publicly Available Content Database; PubMed Central; Coronavirus Research Database
subjects Abnormalities
Adult
Anxiety
Biology and Life Sciences
Brand names
Chi-square test
Coronaviruses
COVID-19 - epidemiology
COVID-19 - prevention & control
COVID-19 vaccines
COVID-19 Vaccines - adverse effects
Cross-Sectional Studies
Developing Countries
Female
Females
Fertility
Forecasts and trends
Health aspects
Humans
Immunization
Independent sample
Medical students
Medicine and Health Sciences
Menstrual cycle
Menstruation
Menstruation - psychology
Mental depression
Mental Health
Mixed methods research
Pandemics
Psychological aspects
Psychology
Public sector
Questionnaires
Reproductive health
Side effects
Social Sciences
Statistical analysis
Students
Students, Medical - psychology
Vaccination
Vaccines
Young Adult
title The effect of COVID-19 vaccination on the menstrual pattern and mental health of the medical students: A mixed-methods study from a low and middle-income country
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