Developing and validating the Japanese version of the Referential Thinking Scale: A cross-sectional study

It has been shown that ideas of reference in the context of paranoia (IoR-P) and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (IoR-S) are caused by different psychological constructs. Although it is well known that both IoR-P and IoR-S are frequently evoked during the same period of life, how they interact with...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:PloS one 2023-07, Vol.18 (7), p.e0283416-e0283416
Main Authors: Sasaki, Jun, Muranaka, Seiji, Arahata, Kotomi, Sato, Atsushi
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Anxiety disorders
Biology and Life Sciences
Child development
Consciousness
Context
Cross-sectional studies
Diagnosis
Idea (Philosophy)
Medicine and Health Sciences
Mental depression
Mental disorders
Paranoia
Personality
Physical Sciences
Psychological aspects
Psychosis
Regression analysis
Reliability
Research and Analysis Methods
Risk factors
Schizophrenia
Social anxiety
Social Sciences
Subgroups
University students
Validity
Young adults
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Summary:It has been shown that ideas of reference in the context of paranoia (IoR-P) and schizophrenia spectrum disorders (IoR-S) are caused by different psychological constructs. Although it is well known that both IoR-P and IoR-S are frequently evoked during the same period of life, how they interact with each other is unknown. The purpose of the present study was to develop the Japanese version of the Referential Thinking Scale (J-REF) to assess IoR-S, examine its validity and reliability, and explore the predictors of IoR-P and IoR-S. In this study, several subgroups of Japanese individuals in their 20s were included in the analysis. The J-REF had high internal consistency, high test-retest reliability, good convergent, and discriminant validity. Two hierarchical regression analyses showed that public self-consciousness predicted the manifestation of IoR-P, while the dimensions of schizotypy predicted that of IoR-S. Moreover, social anxiety and negative moods could cause IoR-P and IoR-S. This study directly showed the existence of two different types of ideas of reference in terms of their predictors. It is also significant in that it first examined referential thinking using the REF scale in the context of Asia and showed that there may not be much difference in the frequency of ideas of reference from other cultures. Future research directions are also discussed.
ISSN:1932-6203
1932-6203
DOI:10.1371/journal.pone.0283416