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THE PROBLEM OF ASSESSING EXECUTIVE FUNCTIONS

The capacities for formulating goals, planning, and carrying out plans effectively ‐ the executive functions ‐ are essential for independent, creative, and socially constructive behavior. Although they tend to be vulnerable to brain impairment, they are often overlooked in neuropsychological and neu...

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Published in:International journal of psychology 1982-01, Vol.17 (1-4), p.281-297
Main Author: Lezak, Muriel D.
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Language:English
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description The capacities for formulating goals, planning, and carrying out plans effectively ‐ the executive functions ‐ are essential for independent, creative, and socially constructive behavior. Although they tend to be vulnerable to brain impairment, they are often overlooked in neuropsychological and neurological examinations. Reasons why there are few formalized examination procedures for evaluating executive functions are suggested. Prefrontal contributions and the importance of other brain areas (e.g., subcortical, right hemisphere) to executive functions are discussed. Assessment techniques are presented for evaluating four categories of executive capacities: (1) goal formulation, (2) planning, (3) carrying out goal‐directed plans, and (4) effective performance. The Tinkertoy Test®, which can provide information about these capacities, is described in some detail. Need for further exploration in this area is emphasized. Etre capable de formuler des buts, élaborer des plans et les exécuter effectivement sont “les fonctions exécutives” essentielles à l'existence de conduites autonomes, créatives et socialement constructives. Bien que ces fonctions soient vulnérables en cas d'atteintes cérébrales, elles sont souvent négligées dans les examens neurologiques et neuropsychologiques. Les raisons de cette carence au niveau de l'évaluation formelle sont évoquées. La contribution des aires préfrontales et d'autres aires cérébrales (par ex. les structures souscorticales, hémisphériques droites) aux “fonctions exécutives” est également discutée. On présente des procédés d'évaluation pour quatre catégories de capacités executives: (1) la formulation d'un but; (2) la planification de l'action; (3) l'exécution orientée du plan; et (4) la performance effectivement réalisée. On décrit en outre et en détail le Tinkertoy test®, qui semble capable de fournir des informations en relation avec ces capacités. Enfin, la nécessité d'explorations futures dans ce domaine est soulignée.
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