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Trace Metal Budgets for Forested Catchments in Europeâ[euro]"Pb, Cd, Hg, Cu and Zn

Input/output budgets for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in the years 1997â[euro]"2011 were monitored and determined for 14 small forest-covered catchments across Europe as part of the Integrated Monitoring program on the effects of long-range pollutants on ecosystems. Metal inputs wer...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Water, air, and soil pollution air, and soil pollution, 2013-04, Vol.224 (4), p.1
Main Authors: Bringmark, Lage, Lundin, Lars, Augustaitis, Algirdas, Beudert, Burkhard, Dieffenbach-fries, Helga, Dirnböck, Thomas, Grabner, Maria-theresia, Hutchins, Mike, Kram, Pavel, Lyulko, Iraida, Ruoho-airola, Tuija, Vana, Milan
Format: Article
Language:English
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Summary:Input/output budgets for cadmium (Cd), lead (Pb) and mercury (Hg) in the years 1997â[euro]"2011 were monitored and determined for 14 small forest-covered catchments across Europe as part of the Integrated Monitoring program on the effects of long-range pollutants on ecosystems. Metal inputs were considered to derive from bulk deposition, throughfall and litterfall. Outputs were estimated from run-off values. Litterfall plus throughfall was taken as a measure of the total deposition of Pb and Hg (wetâ[euro][per thousand]+â[euro][per thousand]dry) on the basis of evidence suggesting that, for these metals, internal circulation is negligible. The same is not true for Cd. Excluding a few sites with high discharge, between 74 and 94Â % of the input Pb was retained within the catchments; significant Cd retention was also observed. High losses of Pb (>1.4Â mgâ[euro][per thousand]m^sup â '2^â[euro][per thousand]year^sup â '1^) and Cd (>0.15Â mgâ[euro][per thousand]m^sup â '2^â[euro][per thousand]year^sup â '1^) were observed in two mountainous Central European sites with high water discharge. All other sites had outputs below or equal to 0.36 and 0.06Â mgâ[euro][per thousand]m^sup â '2^â[euro][per thousand]year^sup â '1^, respectively, for the two metals. Almost complete retention of Hg, 86â[euro]"99Â % of input, was reported in the Swedish sites. These high levels of metal retention were maintained even in the face of recent dramatic reductions in pollutant loads. [PUBLICATION ABSTRACT]
ISSN:0049-6979
1573-2932
DOI:10.1007/s11270-013-1502-8