The effect of submicron fat droplets in a drink on satiety, food intake, and cholecystokinin in healthy volunteers

• Published in: European journal of nutrition 2014-04, Vol.53 (3), p.723-729
• Main Authors: Peters, Harry P. F., Bouwens, Elisabeth C. M., Schuring, Ewoud A. H., Haddeman, Edward, Velikov, Krassimir P., Melnikov, Sergey M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Adult; Beverages - adverse effects; Beverages - analysis; Biological and medical sciences; Body Mass Index; Breakfast; Canola Oil; Chemistry; Chemistry and Materials Science; Cholecystokinin - blood; Cholecystokinin - secretion; Cross-Over Studies; Diet, Reducing - adverse effects; Diet, Reducing - methods; Dietary Fats - administration & dosage; Dietary Fats - adverse effects; Dietary Fats - metabolism; Dietary Fats - therapeutic use; Digestion; Double-Blind Method; Emulsions; Fatty Acids, Monounsaturated; Feeding. Feeding behavior; Female; Foods, Specialized - adverse effects; Foods, Specialized - analysis; Fundamental and applied biological sciences. Psychology; Humans; Male; Middle Aged; Netherlands; Nutrition; Original Contribution; Overweight - blood; Overweight - diet therapy; Plant Oils - administration & dosage; Plant Oils - adverse effects; Plant Oils - metabolism; Plant Oils - therapeutic use; Satiety Response; Up-Regulation; Vertebrates: anatomy and physiology, studies on body, several organs or systems; Young Adult
• ISSN: 1436-6207; 1436-6215
• DOI: 10.1007/s00394-013-0576-9

Purpose Small fat droplets infused into the gut reduce food intake and hunger more than bigger ones, at levels as low as 6 g, and these effects are hypothesized to occur via satiety hormones such as cholecystokinin. It is, however, unknown whether the effect of droplet size would persist after oral consumption. It is also unknown whether an even smaller droplet size can affect hunger and food intake and at what minimum amount of fat. Therefore, the aim of the study was to test the effect of very fine fat droplets on satiety and food intake in two different quantities. Methods In a balanced-order 4-way crossover design, 24 volunteers consumed a fat-free meal replacement drink with either 5 or 9 g oil (rapeseed) and either 3 or 0.1 μm droplet size. Appetite scores and plasma cholecystokinin levels (in n  = 12 subset) were measured for 180 min, when food intake was assessed during an ad libitum meal. Data were analyzed by ANCOVA, followed by Dunnett’s test and paired t test. The behavior of the emulsions was also characterized in a simulated gastrointestinal model. Results Despite faster in vitro lipolysis of the smallest droplets, neither droplet size nor fat amount affected satiety or food intake. From t = 45–150 min, cholecystokinin response was 50 % higher ( P