Statistical Form amongst the Darmstadt School

• Published in: Music analysis 2014-10, Vol.33 (3), p.341-387
• Main Author: Iverson, Jennifer
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 20th century; Aleatory contracts; Classical music; Composers; Electronic music; Information theory; Music analysis; Music theory; Musical forms; Musical pitch; Musical statistics; Musical structure; Musical textures
• ISSN: 0262-5245; 1468-2249
• DOI: 10.1111/musa.12037

This article analyses the Darmstadt composers' discourse around the concept of 'statistical form' in the mid-to late 1950s and early 1960s. Stockhausen introduced this terminology in a 1954 analysis of Debussy's feux, but the real inspiration lies in the nascent electronic music studio. Using score and sketch analysis, published writings and correspondence, I show how Ligeti, Boulez and Pousseur also made critical contributions to the definition and application of statistical form in music. Along the way I introduce foundational concepts from information theory and show how they were disseminated in Moles's and Meyer-Eppler's teachings and writings. Via information theory, I investigate how Xenakis's early stochastic sound-mass music and Cage's aleatory techniques are related to statistical form. Ultimately, I show that a network of shared ideas underlies statistical form, even when debate characterises the discourse and each composer's musical rendering of the concept is distinct. In closing, the article suggests that statistical form represents a second stage of serialism, precipitating a move towards density and texture in sound that was shared by many in the Darmstadt circle.