Aquarius and SMOS detect effects of an extreme Mississippi River flooding event in the Gulf of Mexico

• Published in: Geophysical research letters 2013-10, Vol.40 (19), p.5188-5193
• Main Authors: Gierach, Michelle M., Vazquez-Cuervo, Jorge, Lee, Tong, Tsontos, Vardis M.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Aquarius; Flooding; Floods; Gulf of Mexico; Meteorology; Ocean circulation; remote sensing; River discharge; River flow; River plumes; Rivers; sea surface salinity; SMOS; Soil moisture
• ISSN: 0094-8276; 1944-8007
• DOI: 10.1002/grl.50995

Sea surface salinity (SSS) measurements from the Aquarius/Satélite de Aplicaciones Científicas (SAC)‐D satellite and Soil Moisture and Ocean Salinity (SMOS) mission were used to document the freshening associated with the record 2011 Mississippi River flooding event in the Gulf of Mexico (GoM). Assessment of the salinity response was aided by additional satellite observations, including chlorophyll‐a (chl‐a) and ocean surface currents, and a passive tracer simulation. Low SSS values associated with the spreading of the river plume were observed 1–3 months after peak river discharge which then receded and became unidentifiable from satellite observations 5 months after maximum discharge. The seasonal wind pattern and general circulation of the GoM dramatically impacted the observed salinity response, transporting freshwater eastward along the Gulf coast and entraining low salinity waters into the open GoM. The observed salinity response from Aquarius was consistent with SMOS SSS, chl‐a concentrations, and the passive tracer simulation in terms of the pathway and transit time of the river plume spreading. This study is the first successful application of satellite SSS to study salinity variation in marginal seas. Key Points First satellite salinity observations of river discharge in marginal seas Aquarius and SMOS detected freshening from the 2011 Mississippi River flood Seasonal winds and the general ocean circulation impacted the salinity response