Factors affecting lead release in sodium silicate-treated partial lead service line replacements

• Published in: Journal of environmental science and health. Part A, Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering Toxic/hazardous substances & environmental engineering, 2015-07, Vol.50 (9), p.922-930
• Main Authors: Zhou, Emily, Payne, Sarah Jane O., Hofmann, Ron, Andrews, Robert C.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Alkalinity; Calcium carbonate; Chlorine; Copper; Corrosion; Dissolution; galvanic corrosion; Lead - analysis; Lead - chemistry; monochloramine; natural organic matter; Ontario; partial lead service line replacement; Pipe; Silica; Silicates - chemistry; Sodium; sodium silicate; Water Pollutants, Chemical - analysis; Water Purification - methods; Water Quality; Water Supply
• ISSN: 1093-4529; 1532-4117
• DOI: 10.1080/10934529.2015.1030283

Water quality parameters affecting sodium silicate performance in partial lead service line replacements were examined using a fractional factorial experimental design and static pipe systems. An external copper wire was used to create a galvanic connection between a former lead service line and a new copper pipe. The pipe systems were filled with lab prepared water made to mimic real water quality. Water was changed on a three times per week basis. A 2 4−1 fractional factorial design was used to evaluate the impact of alkalinity (15 mg L −1 or 250 mg L −1 as CaCO 3 ), nitrate (1 mg L −1 or 7 mg L −1 as N), natural organic matter (1 mg L −1 or 7 mg L −1 as dissolved organic carbon), and disinfectant type (1 mg L −1 chlorine or 3 mg L −1 monochloramine), resulting in eight treatment conditions. Fractional factorial analysis revealed that alkalinity, natural organic matter and monochloramine had a significant positive effect on galvanic current. Natural organic matter and monochloramine also had a significant positive effect with respect to both total and dissolved lead release. For the treatment conditions examined, 67-98% of the lead released through galvanic currents was stored as corrosion scales and predominantly comprised of particulate lead (96.1-99.9%) for all eight treatments. The use of monochloramine and the presence of natural organic matter (7 mg L −1 ) were not favourable for corrosion control in sodium silicate-treated partial lead service line replacements, although further studies would be required to characterize optimal water quality parameters for specific water quality types. For utilities operating with sodium silicate as a corrosion inhibitor, this work offers further evidence regarding the consideration of chlorine as a secondary disinfectant instead of monochloramine, as well as the value of controlling natural organic matter in distributed water.