Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of 6-(2-Amino-substituted phenyl)-4-(substituted phenyl)-1,2,4-triazine-3,5(2H,4H)-dione Derivatives as Anticonvulsant Agents

• Published in: Archiv der Pharmazie (Weinheim) 2016-04, Vol.349 (4), p.277-292
• Main Authors: Khan, Ahsan Ahmed, Siddiqui, Nadeem, Akhtar, Md. Jawaid, Ali, Zulphikar, Yar, Mohammad Shahar
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 1,2,4‐Triazine; 4-Triazine; Animals; Anticonvulsant; Anticonvulsants - chemistry; Anticonvulsants - pharmacokinetics; Anticonvulsants - pharmacology; Brain - metabolism; Electroshock; Enzymes; GABA; gamma-Aminobutyric Acid - metabolism; In silico study; Mice; Molecular Docking Simulation; Na+ channel; Neuroprotective Agents - chemistry; Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacokinetics; Neuroprotective Agents - pharmacology; Pentylenetetrazole; Receptors, GABA-A - chemistry; scPTZ; Seizures - drug therapy; Seizures - etiology; Seizures - physiopathology; Sodium Channels - chemistry; Structure-Activity Relationship; Triazines - chemical synthesis; Triazines - chemistry; Triazines - pharmacokinetics; Triazines - pharmacology
• ISSN: 0365-6233; 1521-4184
• DOI: 10.1002/ardp.201500448

As per structural requirement essential for anticonvulsant activity, a series of new 6‐(2‐amino‐substituted phenyl)‐4‐(substituted phenyl)‐1,2,4‐triazine‐3,5‐dione derivatives were designed and synthesized. All the synthesized title derivatives were assessed for in vivo anticonvulsant screening by the two most employed standard animal seizure models, maximal electroshock seizure (MES) and subcutaneous pentylenetetrazole (scPTZ)‐induced seizures, along with minimal motor impairment screening by rotarod test. Among all the synthesized compounds, the compound 4r showed excellent anticonvulsant activity with neither signs of neurotoxicity in the minimal motor impairment test nor signs of hepatotoxicity in the serum enzyme activity assay. The in silico studies of these title compounds were carried out for estimation of a pharmacophore pattern and the prediction of pharmacokinetic properties. To know the exact mechanism of our title compounds, a molecular docking study was carried out on the homology model of sodium ion (Na+) channel and GABAA receptors. The results of the docking study as well as the in vitro study on both the receptors showed that our target compounds best act through the GABAA receptor rather than the Na+ channel receptors. Additionally, GABA enzyme estimation was performed for further confirmation of the mechanism involved in its anticonvulsant activity. Conclusively, the compound 4r presents a novel scaffold in the search for safer and efficient anticonvulsants having neuroprotective as well as GABAergic effects. New 6‐(2‐amino‐substituted phenyl)‐4‐(substituted phenyl)‐1,2,4‐triazine‐3,5‐dione derivatives were designed, synthesized, and tested for their in vivo anticonvulsant activities in two standard animal seizure models. In silico studies were carried out to identify a pharmacophore pattern and for the prediction of pharmacokinetic properties. Molecular docking to the Na+ channel and GABAA receptors was studied.