Field measurements of wind-driven rain on mid-and high-rise buildings in three Canadian regions

• Published in: Building and environment 2017-05, Vol.116, p.228-245
• Main Authors: Ge, Hua, Deb Nath, U.K., Chiu, Vincent
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Building envelopes; Building façade; Buildings; Cities; Climate; Climatology; Computational fluid dynamics; Computer applications; Durability; Envelopes; Environmental loads; Field measurements; Gauges; High resolution; High rise buildings; Measuring instruments; Moisture; Rain; Rain gauges; Semi-empirical WDR model; Spatial distribution; Weather; Weather stations; Wind; Wind-driven rain (WDR)
• ISSN: 0360-1323; 1873-684X
• DOI: 10.1016/j.buildenv.2017.02.016

Wind-driven rain (WDR) is an important boundary condition for the study of hygrothermal behaviour and durability of building envelopes. Understanding the WDR characteristics is important for establishing designs that minimize moisture related issues. Given the limited data available on field measurements of WDR, especially for mid- and high-rise buildings, a number of buildings have been instrumented with weather stations and driving rain gauges for WDR measurements on building façade in three Canadian cities (Vancouver, Montreal, and Fredericton). The high-resolution WDR data collected provide a valuable and unique dataset for improving semi-empirical WDR models and validating Computational Fluid Dynamic (CFD) models. This paper presents the experimental setup, spatial distribution of WDR on façades in terms of catch ratios and wall factors, and the comparison between measurements and calculated WDR using ISO standard 15927. The results show that the spatial distribution of WDR on façade is significantly influenced by building geometry, façade details, and its surroundings. The wall factors vary with both the width and height of the building façade. The ISO semi-empirical model typically overestimates WDR on buildings studied under Canadian climates. •WDR measurements on mid- and high-rise buildings in three Canadian cities.•ISO model typically overestimates WDR on buildings studied under Canadian climates.•Accuracy of WDR estimated by ISO model significantly improved using measured wall factors.•Wall factors vary over the width and height of building façades.•Wall factors influenced significantly by building geometry, façade details, and surroundings.