Lake and Orographic Effects on a Snowstorm at Lake Constance

• Published in: Monthly weather review 2016-12, Vol.144 (12), p.4687-4707
• Main Authors: Umek, Lukas, Gohm, Alexander
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Atmospheric precipitations; Case studies; Climatology; Computer simulation; Control simulation; Convection; Convergence; Heat; Heavy precipitation; Hoisting; Hypotheses; Instability; Lakes; Land use; Lifting; Mathematical models; Mountain regions; Numerical simulations; Orographic effects; Orography; Precipitation; Radar; Radar reflectivity; Reflectance; Shorelines; Simulation; Snow; Snowfall; Stability; Surface temperature; Temperature; Temperature effects; Topography; Weather; Weather forecasting
• ISSN: 0027-0644; 1520-0493
• DOI: 10.1175/MWR-D-16-0032.1

This is one of the first case studies of a snowstorm at Lake Constance, located between Austria, Germany, and Switzerland, which assesses the influence of the lake and the orography on the generation of heavy precipitation. The analysis is based on surface and radar observations and numerical simulations with the Weather Research and Forecasting (WRF) Model. On 8 February 2013, a rather stationary and banded radar reflectivity pattern was observed during postfrontal conditions with northwesterly flow. The associated snowband affected the downstream shore and the adjacent mountainous region with 36 mm of precipitation within 5 h at the shore. Surface observations show a convergence in the wind field over the lake during the period of banded precipitation. The control simulation captures the formation of a convergence line and a snowband near the shoreline and over the downstream orography. A lake-induced, low-level conditionally unstable layer is essential for the snowband formation. Orographically and thermally induced convergence provides the lifting to release conditional instability and to trigger convection. Orographic enhancement of precipitation occurs downstream of the lake. Sensitivity experiments with modified orography, land use, and lake surface temperature show that the lake is a crucial factor controlling the amount and distribution of snowfall. However, neither the lake nor the orography alone would have been able to form a snowband. This study highlights the complex interaction between lake and orographic effects and shows that Lake Constance is large enough to impact the formation of precipitation.