Evolution of 3D printed soft actuators

• Published in: Sensors and actuators. A. Physical. 2016-10, Vol.250, p.258-272
• Main Authors: Zolfagharian, Ali, Kouzani, Abbas Z., Khoo, Sui Yang, Moghadam, Amir Ali Amiri, Gibson, Ian, Kaynak, Akif
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: 3-D printers; 3D printing; Actuators; Biocompatibility; Controllability; Custom design; Elasticity; Organs; Rapid prototyping; Response time; Sensors; Smart materials; Soft actuator; Soft robot; Strain; Surgical instruments; Switches; Textiles; Three dimensional printing
• ISSN: 0924-4247; 1873-3069
• DOI: 10.1016/j.sna.2016.09.028

•A comprehensive review of the emerging field of 3D printed soft actuators is presented.•Different methods for fabrication of the soft actuators using 3D printers are discussed.•The actuation mechanism, power density, reversibility, strain, stress, operation voltage, weight, size, response time, controllability, and biocompatibility of the actuators are given. Developing soft actuators and sensors by means of 3D printing has become an exciting research area. Compared to conventional methods, 3D printing enables rapid prototyping, custom design, and single-step fabrication of actuators and sensors that have complex structure and high resolution. While 3D printed sensors have been widely reviewed in the literature, 3D printed actuators, on the other hand, have not been adequately reviewed thus far. This paper presents a comprehensive review of the existing 3D printed actuators. First, the common processes used in 3D printing of actuators are reviewed. Next, the existing mechanisms used for stimulating the printed actuators are described. In addition, the materials used to print the actuators are compared. Then, the applications of the printed actuators including soft-manipulation of tissues and organs in biomedicine and fragile agricultural products, regenerative design, smart valves, microfluidic systems, electromechanical switches, smart textiles, and minimally invasive surgical instruments are explained. After that, the reviewed 3D printed actuators are discussed in terms of their advantages and disadvantages considering power density, elasticity, strain, stress, operation voltage, weight, size, response time, controllability, and biocompatibility. Finally, the future directions of 3D printed actuators are discussed.