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Partially to fully saturated flow through smooth, clean, open fractures: qualitative experimental studies
Fractures are both rough and irregular but can be expressed by a simple model concept of two smooth parallel plates and the associated cubic law governing discharge through saturated fractures. However, in natural conditions and in the intermediate vadose zone, these assumptions are likely violated....
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Published in: | Hydrogeology journal 2018-05, Vol.26 (3), p.945-961 |
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description | Fractures are both rough and irregular but can be expressed by a simple model concept of two smooth parallel plates and the associated cubic law governing discharge through saturated fractures. However, in natural conditions and in the intermediate vadose zone, these assumptions are likely violated. This paper presents a qualitative experimental study investigating the cubic law under variable saturation in initially dry free-draining discrete fractures. The study comprised flow visualisation experiments conducted on transparent replicas of smooth parallel plates with inlet conditions of constant pressure and differing flow rates over both vertical and horizontal inclination. Flow conditions were altered to investigate the influence of intermittent and continuous influx scenarios. Findings from this research proved, for instance, that saturated laminar flow is not likely achieved, especially in nonhorizontal fractures. In vertical fractures, preferential flow occupies the minority of cross-sectional area despite the water supply. Movement of water through the fractured vadose zone therefore becomes a matter of the continuity principle, whereby water should theoretically be transported downward at significantly higher flow rates given the very low degree of water saturation. Current techniques that aim to quantify discrete fracture flow, notably at partial saturation, are questionable. Inspired by the results of this study, it is therefore hypothetically improbable to achieve saturation in vertical fractures under free-draining wetting conditions. It does become possible under extremely excessive water inflows or when not free-draining; however, the converse is not true, as a wet vertical fracture can be drained. |
doi_str_mv | 10.1007/s10040-017-1680-3 |
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However, in natural conditions and in the intermediate vadose zone, these assumptions are likely violated. This paper presents a qualitative experimental study investigating the cubic law under variable saturation in initially dry free-draining discrete fractures. The study comprised flow visualisation experiments conducted on transparent replicas of smooth parallel plates with inlet conditions of constant pressure and differing flow rates over both vertical and horizontal inclination. Flow conditions were altered to investigate the influence of intermittent and continuous influx scenarios. Findings from this research proved, for instance, that saturated laminar flow is not likely achieved, especially in nonhorizontal fractures. In vertical fractures, preferential flow occupies the minority of cross-sectional area despite the water supply. Movement of water through the fractured vadose zone therefore becomes a matter of the continuity principle, whereby water should theoretically be transported downward at significantly higher flow rates given the very low degree of water saturation. Current techniques that aim to quantify discrete fracture flow, notably at partial saturation, are questionable. Inspired by the results of this study, it is therefore hypothetically improbable to achieve saturation in vertical fractures under free-draining wetting conditions. It does become possible under extremely excessive water inflows or when not free-draining; however, the converse is not true, as a wet vertical fracture can be drained.</description><identifier>ISSN: 1431-2174</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 1435-0157</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1007/s10040-017-1680-3</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Berlin/Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg</publisher><subject>Aquatic Pollution ; Drainage ; Earth and Environmental Science ; Earth Sciences ; Flow rates ; Flow visualization ; Fractures ; Geology ; Geophysics/Geodesy ; Hydrogeology ; Hydrology/Water Resources ; Inclination ; Inlets (waterways) ; Laminar flow ; Parallel plates ; Plate tectonics ; Preferential flow ; Qualitative analysis ; Saturated flow ; Saturation ; Studies ; Vadose water ; Visualization ; Waste Water Technology ; Water ; Water Management ; Water Pollution Control ; Water Quality/Water Pollution ; Water supply</subject><ispartof>Hydrogeology journal, 2018-05, Vol.26 (3), p.945-961</ispartof><rights>Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany 2017</rights><rights>Hydrogeology Journal is a copyright of Springer, (2017). All Rights Reserved.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-a339t-73acd694a90684767dca160b35c4768d862d900d94de64e32589994e43afe4073</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-a339t-73acd694a90684767dca160b35c4768d862d900d94de64e32589994e43afe4073</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Jones, Brendon R.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Brouwers, Luke B.</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Dippenaar, Matthys A.</creatorcontrib><title>Partially to fully saturated flow through smooth, clean, open fractures: qualitative experimental studies</title><title>Hydrogeology journal</title><addtitle>Hydrogeol J</addtitle><description>Fractures are both rough and irregular but can be expressed by a simple model concept of two smooth parallel plates and the associated cubic law governing discharge through saturated fractures. However, in natural conditions and in the intermediate vadose zone, these assumptions are likely violated. This paper presents a qualitative experimental study investigating the cubic law under variable saturation in initially dry free-draining discrete fractures. The study comprised flow visualisation experiments conducted on transparent replicas of smooth parallel plates with inlet conditions of constant pressure and differing flow rates over both vertical and horizontal inclination. Flow conditions were altered to investigate the influence of intermittent and continuous influx scenarios. Findings from this research proved, for instance, that saturated laminar flow is not likely achieved, especially in nonhorizontal fractures. In vertical fractures, preferential flow occupies the minority of cross-sectional area despite the water supply. Movement of water through the fractured vadose zone therefore becomes a matter of the continuity principle, whereby water should theoretically be transported downward at significantly higher flow rates given the very low degree of water saturation. Current techniques that aim to quantify discrete fracture flow, notably at partial saturation, are questionable. Inspired by the results of this study, it is therefore hypothetically improbable to achieve saturation in vertical fractures under free-draining wetting conditions. It does become possible under extremely excessive water inflows or when not free-draining; however, the converse is not true, as a wet vertical fracture can be drained.</description><subject>Aquatic Pollution</subject><subject>Drainage</subject><subject>Earth and Environmental Science</subject><subject>Earth Sciences</subject><subject>Flow rates</subject><subject>Flow visualization</subject><subject>Fractures</subject><subject>Geology</subject><subject>Geophysics/Geodesy</subject><subject>Hydrogeology</subject><subject>Hydrology/Water Resources</subject><subject>Inclination</subject><subject>Inlets (waterways)</subject><subject>Laminar flow</subject><subject>Parallel plates</subject><subject>Plate tectonics</subject><subject>Preferential flow</subject><subject>Qualitative analysis</subject><subject>Saturated flow</subject><subject>Saturation</subject><subject>Studies</subject><subject>Vadose water</subject><subject>Visualization</subject><subject>Waste Water Technology</subject><subject>Water</subject><subject>Water Management</subject><subject>Water Pollution Control</subject><subject>Water Quality/Water Pollution</subject><subject>Water supply</subject><issn>1431-2174</issn><issn>1435-0157</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2018</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kD1PwzAQhi0EEqXwA9gssTZgx44ds6GKLwkJBpitI7m0qdK4tR2g_x6XMLCw3Jee9-70EnLO2SVnTF-FFCXLGNcZVyXLxAGZcCmKNCn04U_Ns5xreUxOQlixRHMtJqR9AR9b6LodjY42w74IEAcPEWvadO6TxqV3w2JJw9q5uJzRqkPoZ9RtsKeNhyrBGK7pdoCujRDbD6T4tUHfrrGP0NEQh7rFcEqOGugCnv3mKXm7u32dP2RPz_eP85unDIQwMdMCqloZCYapUmql6wq4Yu-iqFJX1qXKa8NYbWSNSqLIi9IYI1EKaFAyLabkYty78W47YIh25Qbfp5OWG1VoUUimEsVHqvIuBI-N3aSHwe8sZ3bvqB0dtclRu3fUiqTJR01IbL9A_2fzv6Jv01t5nw</recordid><startdate>20180501</startdate><enddate>20180501</enddate><creator>Jones, Brendon R.</creator><creator>Brouwers, Luke B.</creator><creator>Dippenaar, Matthys A.</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QH</scope><scope>7ST</scope><scope>7TG</scope><scope>7UA</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8FD</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FG</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABJCF</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BGLVJ</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>BKSAR</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>F1W</scope><scope>FR3</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>H96</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KL.</scope><scope>KR7</scope><scope>L.G</scope><scope>L6V</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>M7S</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PCBAR</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PTHSS</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>SOI</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20180501</creationdate><title>Partially to fully saturated flow through smooth, clean, open fractures: qualitative experimental studies</title><author>Jones, Brendon R. ; 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However, in natural conditions and in the intermediate vadose zone, these assumptions are likely violated. This paper presents a qualitative experimental study investigating the cubic law under variable saturation in initially dry free-draining discrete fractures. The study comprised flow visualisation experiments conducted on transparent replicas of smooth parallel plates with inlet conditions of constant pressure and differing flow rates over both vertical and horizontal inclination. Flow conditions were altered to investigate the influence of intermittent and continuous influx scenarios. Findings from this research proved, for instance, that saturated laminar flow is not likely achieved, especially in nonhorizontal fractures. In vertical fractures, preferential flow occupies the minority of cross-sectional area despite the water supply. Movement of water through the fractured vadose zone therefore becomes a matter of the continuity principle, whereby water should theoretically be transported downward at significantly higher flow rates given the very low degree of water saturation. Current techniques that aim to quantify discrete fracture flow, notably at partial saturation, are questionable. Inspired by the results of this study, it is therefore hypothetically improbable to achieve saturation in vertical fractures under free-draining wetting conditions. It does become possible under extremely excessive water inflows or when not free-draining; however, the converse is not true, as a wet vertical fracture can be drained.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s10040-017-1680-3</doi><tpages>17</tpages></addata></record> |
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subjects | Aquatic Pollution Drainage Earth and Environmental Science Earth Sciences Flow rates Flow visualization Fractures Geology Geophysics/Geodesy Hydrogeology Hydrology/Water Resources Inclination Inlets (waterways) Laminar flow Parallel plates Plate tectonics Preferential flow Qualitative analysis Saturated flow Saturation Studies Vadose water Visualization Waste Water Technology Water Water Management Water Pollution Control Water Quality/Water Pollution Water supply |
title | Partially to fully saturated flow through smooth, clean, open fractures: qualitative experimental studies |
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