How Much Flux Does a Flux Transfer Event Transfer?

• Published in: Journal of geophysical research. Space physics 2017-12, Vol.122 (12), p.12,310-12,327
• Main Authors: Fear, R. C., Trenchi, L., Coxon, J. C., Milan, S. E.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Auroral observations; Cluster spacecraft; Clusters; Convection; Earth; Earth magnetosphere; Estimates; Fluctuations; flux transfer event; Flux transfer events; Geomagnetic field; Instrumentation; Ionospheric observations; Magnetic fields; Magnetic reconnection; Magnetopause; Magnetosphere; Magnetospheric convection; Production methods; Radar; Radar networks; Radar signatures; reconnection; Solar wind; Spacecraft
• ISSN: 2169-9380; 2169-9402
• DOI: 10.1002/2017JA024730

Flux transfer events are bursts of reconnection at the dayside magnetopause, which give rise to characteristic signatures observed by a range of magnetospheric/ionospheric instrumentation. One outstanding problem is that there is a fundamental mismatch between space‐based and ionospheric estimates of the flux that is opened by each flux transfer event—in other words, their overall significance in the Dungey cycle. Spacecraft‐based estimates of the flux content of individual flux transfer events (FTEs) correspond to each event transferring flux equivalent to approximately 1% of the open flux in the magnetosphere, whereas studies based on global‐scale radar and auroral observations suggest this figure could be of the order of 10%. In the former case, flux transfer events would be a minor detail in the Dungey cycle, but in the latter they could be its main driver. We present observations of two conjunctions between flux transfer events observed by the Cluster spacecraft and pulsed ionospheric flows observed by the Super Dual Auroral Radar Network (SuperDARN) network. In both cases, a similar number of FTE signatures were observed by Cluster and one of the SuperDARN radars, but the conjunctions differ in the azimuthal separation of the spacecraft and ionospheric observations (i.e., the distance of the spacecraft from the cusp throat). We argue that the reason for the existing mismatch in flux estimates is due to implicit assumptions made about FTE structure, which tacitly ignore the majority of flux opened in mechanisms based on longer reconnection lines. If the effects of such mechanisms are considered, a much better match is found. Plain Language Summary The Earth's magnetosphere is the highly dynamic region of space occupied by the Earth's magnetic field. Its dynamics are driven by its interaction with the solar wind, through a process called “magnetic reconnection,” in which magnetic fields from the Sun and the Earth interconnect. Reconnection occurs in bursts called “flux transfer events” that cause signatures that can be seen by both spacecraft and ionospheric radars. Either type of measurement can be used to work out the amount of magnetic reconnection occurring in each burst, but the two methods produce very different results. In this paper we show that a consistent answer can be obtained from both methods, but a new approach must be taken with the spacecraft observations. Our results suggest that flux transfer events could be the main driver of the ma