Pretreated Pencil Graphite Electrode as a Versatile Platform for Easy Measurement of Diclofenac Sodium in a Number of Biological and Pharmaceutical Samples

• Published in: Journal of the Chinese Chemical Society (Taipei) 2018-04, Vol.65 (4), p.472-484
• Main Authors: Parvizi‐Fard, Golnaz, Alipour, Esmaeel, Yardani Sefidi, Pariya, Emamali Sabzi, Reza
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Biological and pharmaceutical samples; Chemical sensors; Diclofenac; Diclofenac sodium; Electrochemical pretreatment; Electrodes; Graphite; Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs; Pharmaceuticals; Pretreated pencil graphite electrode; Pretreatment; Sensitivity analysis; Sensor
• ISSN: 0009-4536; 2192-6549
• DOI: 10.1002/jccs.201700258

A pretreated pencil graphite electrode (PPGE) as an electrochemical sensor was developed and applied to measure diclofenac sodium (DIC). The effects of both potentiostatic and potentiodynamic strategies in the electrochemical pretreatment and performance of the electrode were studied, and it was concluded that the former offers better analytical sensitivity for electroanalytical purposes. PPGE displayed good electrocatalytic activity in comparison to nonpretreated PGE (NPGE). Differential pulse voltammetry (DPV) was used to determine DIC. Therefore, a calibration graph was plotted between the variation of anodic peak currents and the DIC concentration, which was found to be linear in the range 0.23–12.95 μmol/L with the detection limit (S/N = 3) of 0.12 μmol/L. PPGE was utilized to determine DIC in real samples such as biological and pharmaceutical ones, and the good recovery values obtained demonstrated the high accuracy of the modified electrode. A pretreated pencil graphite electrode (PPGE), as an electrochemical sensor, was developed and applied to the measurement of diclofenac sodium (DIC). The effects of both potentiostatic and potentiodynamic strategies in the electrochemical pretreatment and performance of the electrode were studied. It was concluded that potentiostatic pretreatment offers better analytical sensitivity for electroanalytical purposes. PPGE displayed good electrocatalytic activity in comparison to nonpretreated PGE (NPGE). PPGE was used to determine DIC in real samples such as biological and pharmaceutical samples, and the good recovery values demonstrated the high accuracy of the modified electrode.