Development and Validation of an Electrochemical Screening Methodology for Sulfonamide Residue Control in Milk Samples Using a Graphene Quantum Dots@Nafion Modified Glassy Carbon Electrode

An electrochemical method based on the assembly of graphene quantum dots (GQD) and Nafion onto a glassy carbon electrode (GQD@Nafion/GCE) was developed to detect sulfonamide residues in milk. The resulting modified electrode (GQD@Nafion/GCE) demonstrated a significant increase in sensitivity compare...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Food analytical methods 2018-06, Vol.11 (6), p.1711-1721
Main Authors: Gondim, Carina S., Durán, Gema M., Contento, Ana M., Ríos, Ángel
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Analytical Chemistry
Chemistry
Chemistry and Materials Science
Chemistry/Food Science
Electrochemistry
Electrodes
Food Science
Glassy carbon
Graphene
International regulations
Microbiology
Milk
Parameters
Quantum dots
Reproducibility
Residues
Screening
Sulfadiazine
Sulfadimethoxine
Sulfamethazine
Sulfamethoxypyridazine
Sulfapyridine
Sulfathiazole
Sulfonamides
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Summary:An electrochemical method based on the assembly of graphene quantum dots (GQD) and Nafion onto a glassy carbon electrode (GQD@Nafion/GCE) was developed to detect sulfonamide residues in milk. The resulting modified electrode (GQD@Nafion/GCE) demonstrated a significant increase in sensitivity compared to a bare GCE. Repeatability, reproducibility, and stability studies also indicated the suitability of the electrode used as a sensing probe for sulfonamide residues. Under optimized conditions, the method was validated according to specific performance parameters of screening (qualitative) methods. Six sulfonamides were evaluated: sulfadimethoxine, sulfadiazine, sulfamethazine (SMZ), sulfamethoxypyridazine, sulfapyridine, and sulfathiazole, taking SMZ as the representative analyte in milk samples. No false-positive results were observed, the parameters related to precision presented suitable values, and the detection limit was estimated as 74.8 μg L −1 . The screening method demonstrated its applicability for the analytical control of total sulfonamide residues according to international regulations for maximum residue limits.
ISSN:1936-9751
1936-976X
DOI:10.1007/s12161-018-1157-6