A review of torrefaction of oil palm solid wastes for biofuel production

•High quality solid fuel can be obtained from oil palm solid wastes via torrefaction.•Temperature range of 200–250°C was found to be suitable for torrefied oil palm solid wastes production.•The OPF was found to be the best feedstock for torrefaction.•The torrefaction plant is feasible to build up in...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Energy conversion and management 2017-10, Vol.149, p.101-120
Main Authors: Sukiran, Mohamad Azri, Abnisa, Faisal, Wan Daud, Wan Mohd Ashri, Abu Bakar, Nasrin, Loh, Soh Kheang
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Agricultural economics
Agricultural wastes
Alternative fuels
Biodiesel fuels
Biofuels
Biomass
Calorific value
Drying
Energy yield
Fuels
Industrial wastes
Moisture content
Oil and gas industry
Oil palm solid wastes
Oil palm trees
Oxygen content
Palm oil
Plantations
Pyrolysis
Solid fuel
Solid wastes
Solids
Torrefaction
Torrefied yield
Vegetable oils
Waste materials
Wastes
Water content
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Summary:•High quality solid fuel can be obtained from oil palm solid wastes via torrefaction.•Temperature range of 200–250°C was found to be suitable for torrefied oil palm solid wastes production.•The OPF was found to be the best feedstock for torrefaction.•The torrefaction plant is feasible to build up in the palm oil mills. Palm oil industry is recognized as one of the major agriculture contributions to the abundant production of oil palm solid wastes. These include empty fruit bunches, palm kernel shell, mesocarp fiber, oil palm frond, and oil palm trunk, which were obtained from plantation and milling activities. In terms of increasing the economic value and solving environmental problems, the use of these wastes as an alternative fuel is very important. However, the properties of oil palm solid wastes, i.e. low calorific value, high moisture content, hygroscopic nature, and high oxygen content, have limited the biomass usage as fuel. This review evaluates on the use of torrefaction technology to improve the fuel characteristics of these wastes. Several viewpoints concerning current research on the torrefaction of oil palm solid wastes, characterization of the raw material, properties and potential applications of the torrefied yield were provided. In addition, the potential development of the torrefaction process for the palm oil industry was also discussed.
ISSN:0196-8904
1879-2227
DOI:10.1016/j.enconman.2017.07.011