Co-evolution of atmospheres, life, and climate

• Published in: arXiv.org 2010-05
• Main Authors: John Lee Grenfell, Rauer, Heike, Selsis, Franck, Kaltenegger, Lisa, Beichman, Charles, Danchi, William, Eiroa, Carlos, Fridlund, Malcolm, Henning, Thomas, Herbst, Tom, Lammer, Helmut, Léger, Alain, Liseau, René, Lunine, Jonathan, Paresce, Francesco, Penny, Alan, Quirrenbach, Andreas, Röttgering, Huub, Schneider, Jean, Stam, Daphne, Tinetti, Giovanna, White, Glenn J
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Astrochemistry; Carbon dioxide; Earth; Earth surface; Extrasolar planets; Greenhouse effect; Greenhouse gases; Iron carbonate; Iron oxides; Methane; Oxygen; Ozone; Ozonosphere; Photosynthesis; Planetary atmospheres; Planetary evolution; Primitive Earth atmosphere; Stellar evolution; Ultraviolet radiation; Upper atmosphere
• ISSN: 2331-8422
• DOI: 10.48550/arxiv.1005.3589

After Earth's origin, our host star, the Sun, was shining 20 to 25 percent less brightly than today. Without greenhouse-like conditions to warm the atmosphere, our early planet would have been an ice ball and life may never have evolved. But life did evolve, which indicates that greenhouse gases must have been present on early Earth to warm the planet. Evidence from the geologic record indicates an abundance of the greenhouse gas CO2. CH4 was probably present as well, and in this regard methanogenic bacteria, which belong to a diverse group of anaerobic procaryotes that ferment CO 2 plus H2 to CH4, may have contributed to modification of the early atmosphere. Molecular oxygen was not present, as is indicated by the study of rocks from that era, which contain iron carbonate rather than iron oxide. Multicellular organisms originated as cells within colonies that became increasingly specialized. The development of photosynthesis allowed the Sun's energy to be harvested directly by life forms. The resultant oxygen accumulated in the atmosphere and formed the ozone layer in the upper atmosphere. Aided by the absorption of harmful UV radiation in the ozone layer, life colonized Earth's surface. Our own planet is a very good example of how life forms modified the atmosphere over the planets' life time. We show that these facts have to be taken into account when we discover and characterize atmospheres of Earth-like exoplanets. If life has originated and evolved on a planet, then it should be expected that a strong co-evolution occurred between life and the atmosphere, the result of which is the planets' climate.