A holistic approach to assess the exploitation of renewable energy sources for design interventions in the early design phases

• Published in: Energy and buildings 2018-09, Vol.175, p.235-256
• Main Authors: Lobaccaro, Gabriele, Croce, Silvia, Vettorato, Daniele, Carlucci, Salvatore
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Air flow; Air temperature; Albedo; Alternative energy sources; Boundary conditions; Building design; Case studies; Computer applications; Computer simulation; Design; Design interventions; Dynamic models; Energy; Energy sources; Environmental assessment; Environmental protection; Exploitation; Facades; Installation; Microclimate; Optimization; Phases; Photovoltaics; Renewable energy sources; Residential areas; Residential buildings; Skin; Solar energy; Solar potential; Thermal comfort; Urban airflow; Urban environments
• ISSN: 0378-7788; 1872-6178
• DOI: 10.1016/j.enbuild.2018.06.066

•A holistic approach for supporting the urban surfaces use optimization is proposed.•Design and technological interventions at district and building level are evaluated.•High-albedo materials can counterbalance solar losses due to urban complex shadows.•The combination of solar analyses with CFD simulations plays a key role in designing DSFs and BIPV.•Cool materials and green façade could reduce about 1°C the outdoor thermal stress. This study presents a holistic approach applied to assess the exploitation of renewable energy sources for design interventions in the early design phases in a consolidated urban environment. Concerning the cooling season, the approach implies set of environmental analyses focused on twofold assessments: (i) the use of renewable energy sources for active and passive strategies, (ii) the impact on outdoor thermal comfort of the technological solutions and cool materials installed on the buildings’ facades. From the definition of the local boundary conditions, preliminary climate analyses were conducted with dynamic simulation tools such as Ladybug and DIVA-for-Rhino, while numerical and computational fluid dynamic models, such as ENVI-met and OpenFOAM, were used to carry out microclimate and wind flow analyses. The approach is tested on two existing residential building blocks in a case study district in Bolzano (Italy). The assessment of several design interventions and building technological solutions have been studied: from the (i) addition of one-story volume on the existing buildings, to the (ii) creation of new green areas, and the (iii) installation of building integrated photovoltaic (BIPV), vertical greenery and double skin façade (DSF) systems on the building's façades. The results, divided into practice and policy implications, demonstrate that preliminary analyses play a relevant role to assess the exploitation of renewable energy sources to optimize the use of urban and building surfaces since the early design phases. High-albedo materials on the façades can counterbalance the loss of solar potential due to the overshadowing effect of the additional story. The combination of cool materials (e.g., white reflective plaster) and the increment of the buildings’ height could reduce by about 1°C the thermal discomfort registered during the high thermal peak during the day. Solar and urban airflow analyses allow optimizing the integration of BIPV in a DSF system; while the installation of green façade can reduce the air te