From high pressure radial collapse to graphene ribbon formation in triple-wall carbon nanotubes

The radial stability and the irreversible transformation of triple-wall carbon nanotubes (TWCNTs) bundles are investigated at high pressure conditions both experimentally and theoretically (exp. up 72 GPa). The tubes having a mean internal diameter of 0.83nm and graphite-like intertube distance, sho...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Carbon (New York) 2019-01, Vol.141, p.568-579
Main Authors: Silva-Santos, S.D., Alencar, R.S., Aguiar, A.L., Kim, Y.A., Muramatsu, H., Endo, M., Blanchard, N.P., San-Miguel, A., Souza Filho, A.G.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Amorphization
Bundles
Carbon
Carbon nanotubes
Collapse
Evolution
Graphene
Graphite
High pressure
High temperature
High temperature physics
Irreversible transformation
Modelling
Molecular dynamics
Nanotubes
Phonons
Raman spectroscopy
Transformations
Transmission electron microscopy
triple-wall carbon nanotubes
Tubes
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Summary:The radial stability and the irreversible transformation of triple-wall carbon nanotubes (TWCNTs) bundles are investigated at high pressure conditions both experimentally and theoretically (exp. up 72 GPa). The tubes having a mean internal diameter of 0.83nm and graphite-like intertube distance, show an onset of the radial collapse evidenced by the evolution of optical phonons. The nanotube collapse onset is observed at ∼22 GPa completes for the two external tubes at ∼29 GPa, however the innermost tube remains stable up to ∼37 GPa. Molecular dynamic calculations performed on smaller diameter TWCNTs bundles, as a model system, confirmed the multiple-stage pressure-induced collapse process. An analytical expression for the collapse pressure of carbon nanotubes having an arbitrary number of walls is proposed. Our experiments and modelling show that for pressures beyond ∼ 60 GPa an irreversible structural transformation of TWCNTs takes place. Ex situ transmission electron microscopy characterization on the recovered sample from 72 GPa revealed the mechanical failure of carbon nanotubes which evolve towards ribbon-like structures as corroborated by Raman spectroscopy. Modelling the tubes evolution at high pressure and high temperature showed the formation of new structures ranging from ribbon-like to graphite-like with either different degrees of amorphization or sp3 interlinking. [Display omitted]
ISSN:0008-6223
1873-3891
DOI:10.1016/j.carbon.2018.09.076