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Changes in bodyweight and productivity in resource-restricted populations of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to deliberate reductions in density
In resource-restricted populations of red deer, it is well-established that body size at maturity, female fecundity and calf survivorship are reduced, yet there are few formal studies documenting a reversal of these effects with reduction of density. In this paper, we consider changes in adult bodyw...
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Published in: | European journal of wildlife research 2019-02, Vol.65 (1), p.1-13, Article 13 |
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description | In resource-restricted populations of red deer, it is well-established that body size at maturity, female fecundity and calf survivorship are reduced, yet there are few formal studies documenting a reversal of these effects with reduction of density. In this paper, we consider changes in adult bodyweight and fecundity in populations of red deer in upland Scotland, before, during and after substantial reductions in population. Using generalised linear mixed models, we analysed changes in bodyweight and fecundity for 15,401 male and 21,053 female red deer culled from 9 different properties over periods from 9 to 35 years. After controlling for the effects of age, bodyweight in males showed a significant negative relationship with density and a significant positive relationship with the magnitude of reduction in density from that of the previous year as well as from population density recorded 2 and 3 years previously, implying that although main effects may relate to immediate reductions in density from that of the preceding year, increases in male bodyweight may be responding to cumulative reductions in densities as much as 3 years later. Analyses of female bodyweight yielded similar results with a direct and measurable effect of current density on age-related female bodyweight and significant effects of reductions in density in immediately preceding years. In this case, the model of best fit (lowest AIC score) is that incorporating a 3-year time lag, implying that bodyweight may be responding to the effects of cumulative culls over a preceding period of up to 3 years. Pregnancy rates among females were strongly influenced by bodyweight and prevailing (current) density (with females of higher bodyweight more likely to be pregnant), but there was no consistent effect of reduction of density on the probability of pregnancy of young females (aged |
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In this paper, we consider changes in adult bodyweight and fecundity in populations of red deer in upland Scotland, before, during and after substantial reductions in population. Using generalised linear mixed models, we analysed changes in bodyweight and fecundity for 15,401 male and 21,053 female red deer culled from 9 different properties over periods from 9 to 35 years. After controlling for the effects of age, bodyweight in males showed a significant negative relationship with density and a significant positive relationship with the magnitude of reduction in density from that of the previous year as well as from population density recorded 2 and 3 years previously, implying that although main effects may relate to immediate reductions in density from that of the preceding year, increases in male bodyweight may be responding to cumulative reductions in densities as much as 3 years later. Analyses of female bodyweight yielded similar results with a direct and measurable effect of current density on age-related female bodyweight and significant effects of reductions in density in immediately preceding years. In this case, the model of best fit (lowest AIC score) is that incorporating a 3-year time lag, implying that bodyweight may be responding to the effects of cumulative culls over a preceding period of up to 3 years. Pregnancy rates among females were strongly influenced by bodyweight and prevailing (current) density (with females of higher bodyweight more likely to be pregnant), but there was no consistent effect of reduction of density on the probability of pregnancy of young females (aged < 4 years) or older animals (4 years or older). The probability of a lactating female becoming pregnant again in the same year was however significantly higher 1 year after a reduction in population density. While we focus in this paper on red deer, the results are applicable to other mammalian species where bodyweight is a major driver of fecundity. 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This work is published under http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ (the “License”). Notwithstanding the ProQuest Terms and Conditions, you may use this content in accordance with the terms of the License.</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><oa>free_for_read</oa><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-ea97ee4a19a599e41a6f955dbe1cc54a220217004a88a1f794e62f04d8b93b4b3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-ea97ee4a19a599e41a6f955dbe1cc54a220217004a88a1f794e62f04d8b93b4b3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,27924,27925</link.rule.ids></links><search><creatorcontrib>Putman, Rory</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nelli, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matthiopoulos, Jason</creatorcontrib><title>Changes in bodyweight and productivity in resource-restricted populations of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to deliberate reductions in density</title><title>European journal of wildlife research</title><addtitle>Eur J Wildl Res</addtitle><description>In resource-restricted populations of red deer, it is well-established that body size at maturity, female fecundity and calf survivorship are reduced, yet there are few formal studies documenting a reversal of these effects with reduction of density. 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Analyses of female bodyweight yielded similar results with a direct and measurable effect of current density on age-related female bodyweight and significant effects of reductions in density in immediately preceding years. In this case, the model of best fit (lowest AIC score) is that incorporating a 3-year time lag, implying that bodyweight may be responding to the effects of cumulative culls over a preceding period of up to 3 years. Pregnancy rates among females were strongly influenced by bodyweight and prevailing (current) density (with females of higher bodyweight more likely to be pregnant), but there was no consistent effect of reduction of density on the probability of pregnancy of young females (aged < 4 years) or older animals (4 years or older). The probability of a lactating female becoming pregnant again in the same year was however significantly higher 1 year after a reduction in population density. While we focus in this paper on red deer, the results are applicable to other mammalian species where bodyweight is a major driver of fecundity. Our analyses suggest that some improvement in fertility and individual animal quality (bodyweight) may be expected where population densities of resource-limited populations are sufficiently reduced.</description><subject>Age</subject><subject>Age factors</subject><subject>Biomedical and Life Sciences</subject><subject>Body size</subject><subject>Cervus elaphus</subject><subject>Deer</subject><subject>Ecology</subject><subject>Fecundity</subject><subject>Females</subject><subject>Fertility</subject><subject>Fish & Wildlife Biology & Management</subject><subject>Life Sciences</subject><subject>Original Article</subject><subject>Population density</subject><subject>Pregnancy</subject><subject>Reduction</subject><subject>Survival</subject><subject>Time lag</subject><subject>Zoology</subject><issn>1612-4642</issn><issn>1439-0574</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2019</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><recordid>eNp1kM1OwzAQhCMEEuXnAbhZ4gIHg9exk_iIKv6kSlzgbDnJpk1VkmA7RX0RnpeNWokTvnil_WZHM0lyBeIOhMjvA4hUKS6g4CA1cH2UzEClhgudq2OaM5BcZUqeJmchrIWQRqR6lvzMV65bYmBtx8q-3n1ju1xF5rqaDb6vxyq22zbuprXH0I--Qk5D9G0VkZh-GDcutn0XWN8QUrMa0bObOfrtGBhu3LAaw-1BPxCHLPYEbdoSvYs4aSaX6QJBNXaB_C6Sk8ZtAl4e_vPk4-nxff7CF2_Pr_OHBa9SbSJHZ3JE5cA4bQwqcFljtK5LhKrSykkpJORCKFcUDprcKMxkI1RdlCYtVZmeJ9f7uxT2a6Rcdk0ZO7K0EjJ6KeQFUbCnKt-H4LGxg28_nd9ZEHaq3-7rt1S_neq3mjRyrwnEUsP-7_L_ol9Tc4s2</recordid><startdate>20190201</startdate><enddate>20190201</enddate><creator>Putman, Rory</creator><creator>Nelli, Luca</creator><creator>Matthiopoulos, Jason</creator><general>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</general><general>Springer Nature B.V</general><scope>C6C</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>7QG</scope><scope>7SN</scope><scope>7X2</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>8FE</scope><scope>8FH</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>8G5</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ATCPS</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>BHPHI</scope><scope>C1K</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>GUQSH</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>M0K</scope><scope>M2O</scope><scope>MBDVC</scope><scope>PATMY</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PYCSY</scope><scope>Q9U</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20190201</creationdate><title>Changes in bodyweight and productivity in resource-restricted populations of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to deliberate reductions in density</title><author>Putman, Rory ; Nelli, Luca ; Matthiopoulos, Jason</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c359t-ea97ee4a19a599e41a6f955dbe1cc54a220217004a88a1f794e62f04d8b93b4b3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2019</creationdate><topic>Age</topic><topic>Age factors</topic><topic>Biomedical and Life Sciences</topic><topic>Body size</topic><topic>Cervus elaphus</topic><topic>Deer</topic><topic>Ecology</topic><topic>Fecundity</topic><topic>Females</topic><topic>Fertility</topic><topic>Fish & Wildlife Biology & Management</topic><topic>Life Sciences</topic><topic>Original Article</topic><topic>Population density</topic><topic>Pregnancy</topic><topic>Reduction</topic><topic>Survival</topic><topic>Time lag</topic><topic>Zoology</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Putman, Rory</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Nelli, Luca</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Matthiopoulos, Jason</creatorcontrib><collection>Springer Nature OA Free Journals</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Animal Behavior Abstracts</collection><collection>Ecology Abstracts</collection><collection>Agricultural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest SciTech Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Research Library (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Agricultural & Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest Natural Science Collection</collection><collection>Environmental Sciences and Pollution Management</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>Research Library Prep</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection (Proquest) (PQ_SDU_P3)</collection><collection>Agriculture Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest research library</collection><collection>Research Library (Corporate)</collection><collection>Environmental Science Database</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>Environmental Science Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><jtitle>European journal of wildlife research</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Putman, Rory</au><au>Nelli, Luca</au><au>Matthiopoulos, Jason</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><atitle>Changes in bodyweight and productivity in resource-restricted populations of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to deliberate reductions in density</atitle><jtitle>European journal of wildlife research</jtitle><stitle>Eur J Wildl Res</stitle><date>2019-02-01</date><risdate>2019</risdate><volume>65</volume><issue>1</issue><spage>1</spage><epage>13</epage><pages>1-13</pages><artnum>13</artnum><issn>1612-4642</issn><eissn>1439-0574</eissn><abstract>In resource-restricted populations of red deer, it is well-established that body size at maturity, female fecundity and calf survivorship are reduced, yet there are few formal studies documenting a reversal of these effects with reduction of density. In this paper, we consider changes in adult bodyweight and fecundity in populations of red deer in upland Scotland, before, during and after substantial reductions in population. Using generalised linear mixed models, we analysed changes in bodyweight and fecundity for 15,401 male and 21,053 female red deer culled from 9 different properties over periods from 9 to 35 years. After controlling for the effects of age, bodyweight in males showed a significant negative relationship with density and a significant positive relationship with the magnitude of reduction in density from that of the previous year as well as from population density recorded 2 and 3 years previously, implying that although main effects may relate to immediate reductions in density from that of the preceding year, increases in male bodyweight may be responding to cumulative reductions in densities as much as 3 years later. Analyses of female bodyweight yielded similar results with a direct and measurable effect of current density on age-related female bodyweight and significant effects of reductions in density in immediately preceding years. In this case, the model of best fit (lowest AIC score) is that incorporating a 3-year time lag, implying that bodyweight may be responding to the effects of cumulative culls over a preceding period of up to 3 years. Pregnancy rates among females were strongly influenced by bodyweight and prevailing (current) density (with females of higher bodyweight more likely to be pregnant), but there was no consistent effect of reduction of density on the probability of pregnancy of young females (aged < 4 years) or older animals (4 years or older). The probability of a lactating female becoming pregnant again in the same year was however significantly higher 1 year after a reduction in population density. While we focus in this paper on red deer, the results are applicable to other mammalian species where bodyweight is a major driver of fecundity. Our analyses suggest that some improvement in fertility and individual animal quality (bodyweight) may be expected where population densities of resource-limited populations are sufficiently reduced.</abstract><cop>Berlin/Heidelberg</cop><pub>Springer Berlin Heidelberg</pub><doi>10.1007/s10344-018-1251-5</doi><tpages>13</tpages><oa>free_for_read</oa></addata></record> |
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subjects | Age Age factors Biomedical and Life Sciences Body size Cervus elaphus Deer Ecology Fecundity Females Fertility Fish & Wildlife Biology & Management Life Sciences Original Article Population density Pregnancy Reduction Survival Time lag Zoology |
title | Changes in bodyweight and productivity in resource-restricted populations of red deer (Cervus elaphus) in response to deliberate reductions in density |
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