Low-temperature, high-speed reactive deposition of metal oxides for perovskite solar cells

Nickel oxide (NiO) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) charge-extraction layers are fabricated under a partial pressure of O 2 from nickel and titanium metals using a reactive electron-beam evaporation process. Using such materials, inverted architecture perovskite solar cells incorporating a NiO hole-tra...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Journal of materials chemistry. A, Materials for energy and sustainability Materials for energy and sustainability, 2019, Vol.7 (5), p.2283-2290
Main Authors: Routledge, Thomas J., Wong-Stringer, Michael, Game, Onkar S., Smith, Joel A., Bishop, James E., Vaenas, Naoum, Freestone, Benjamin G., Coles, David M., McArdle, Trevor, Buckley, Alastair R., Lidzey, David G.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Architecture
Deposition
Electron beams
Electron transport
Energy conversion efficiency
Evaporation
Heavy metals
High temperature
Low temperature
Metal oxides
Metals
Nickel
Nickel oxides
Oxides
Partial pressure
Perovskites
Photovoltaic cells
Solar cells
Substrates
Temperature effects
Temperature requirements
Titanium
Titanium dioxide
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Summary:Nickel oxide (NiO) and titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) charge-extraction layers are fabricated under a partial pressure of O 2 from nickel and titanium metals using a reactive electron-beam evaporation process. Using such materials, inverted architecture perovskite solar cells incorporating a NiO hole-transport layer achieve power conversion efficiencies up to 15.8%, whilst standard architecture devices using a TiO 2 electron-transport layer achieve a power conversion efficiency up to 13.9%. Critically, we find that such metal oxides can be deposited at high speed (nm s −1 ) and at low substrate-temperature, and do not require a high-temperature anneal step after deposition, making reactive electron-beam evaporation compatible with roll-to-roll processing on sensitive flexible polymeric substrates.
ISSN:2050-7488
2050-7496
DOI:10.1039/C8TA10827G