Camp as an Institution of Socialization: Past, Present, and Future

Background: Summer camps are perhaps the most expansive outdoor experiential education (OEE) context in the United States today; yet, camp participants are overwhelmingly White and able-bodied, with most coming from middle- to upper-income earning families. Purpose: In response to Warren, Roberts, B...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:The Journal of experiential education 2019-03, Vol.42 (1), p.51-64
Main Authors: Browne, Laurie P., Gillard, Ann, Garst, Barry A.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Access to Education
American Indian Culture
Camps
Case Studies
Cultural Background
Educational History
Equal Education
Ethnicity
Experiential Learning
Gender Differences
Homosexuality
Inclusion
Low Income
Minority Groups
Outdoor Education
Program Descriptions
Race
Sexual Identity
Social Differences
Social justice
Socialization
Summer Programs
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Summary:Background: Summer camps are perhaps the most expansive outdoor experiential education (OEE) context in the United States today; yet, camp participants are overwhelmingly White and able-bodied, with most coming from middle- to upper-income earning families. Purpose: In response to Warren, Roberts, Breunig, and Alvarez’s question “What will it take before OEE programs become genuinely accessible to all who want to participate?” (p. 98), we explore issues of access, equity, and inclusion within the institution of camp. Methodology/Approach: We present a historical review followed by three case studies that demonstrate how some camps address access, equity, and inclusion in the past and today. Findings/Conclusions: Camps in the United States have shaped young people for over a century through powerful socializing factors, but there is much to be done to ensure camps are truly accessible and inclusive for all. Implications: Our case studies demonstrate specific ways camps can address appropriation of Native American culture and ensure inclusion of transgender youth and youth without the resources necessary to attend camp. We also discuss ways to promote equity across social identities and through environmental justice.
ISSN:1053-8259
2169-009X
DOI:10.1177/1053825918820369