Poly(ethylene glycol)-Based Stable Isotope Labeling Reagents for the Quantitative Analysis of Low Molecular Weight Metabolites by LC−MS

• Published in: Analytical chemistry (Washington) 2008-12, Vol.80 (23), p.9171-9180
• Main Authors: Abello, Nicolas, Geurink, Paul P, Toorn, Marco van der, Oosterhout, Antoon J. M. van, Lugtenburg, Johan, Marel, Gijs A. van der, Kerstjens, Huib A. M, Postma, Dirkje S, Overkleeft, Hermen S, Bischoff, Rainer
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Amino acids; Amino Acids - analysis; Analytical chemistry; Cell Line; Chemistry; Chromatographic methods and physical methods associated with chromatography; Chromatography, High Pressure Liquid - methods; Epithelial Cells - chemistry; Esters - chemistry; Exact sciences and technology; Fluorobenzenes - chemistry; Glutathione - analysis; Humans; Ion chromatography; Isotope Labeling - methods; Isotopes; Mass spectrometry; Molecular weight; Molecules; Other chromatographic methods; Oxidative Stress; Phenols - chemistry; Polyethylene glycol; Polyethylene Glycols - chemistry; Pulmonary Alveoli - cytology; Spectrometric and optical methods; Spectrometry, Mass, Electrospray Ionization - methods; Tobacco Smoke Pollution
• ISSN: 0003-2700; 1520-6882
• DOI: 10.1021/ac801215c

Stable isotope labeling (SIL) in combination with liquid chromatography−mass spectrometry is one of the most widely used quantitative analytical methods due to its sensitivity and ability to deal with extremely complex biological samples. However, SIL methods for metabolite analysis are still often limited in terms of multiplexing, the chromatographic properties of the derivatized analytes, or their ionization efficiency. Here we describe a new family of reagents for the SIL of primary amine-containing compounds based on pentafluorophenyl-activated esters of 13C-containing poly(ethylene glycol) chains (PEG) that addresses these shortcomings. A sequential buildup of the PEG chain allowed the introduction of various numbers of 13C atoms opening extended multiplexing possibilities. The PEG derivatives of rather hydrophilic molecules such as amino acids and glutathione were successfully retained on a standard C18 reversed-phase column, and their identification was facilitated based on m/z values and retention times using extracted ion chromatograms. The mass increase due to PEG derivatization moved low molecular weight metabolite signals out of the often noisy, low m/z region of the mass spectra, which resulted in enhanced overall sensitivity and selectivity. Furthermore, elution at increased retention times resulted in efficient electrospray ionization due to the higher acetonitrile content in the mobile phase. The method was successfully applied to the quantification of intracellular amino acids and glutathione in a cellular model of human lung epithelium exposed to cigarette smoke-induced oxidative stress. It was shown that the concentration of most amino acids increased upon exposure of A549 cells to gas-phase cigarette smoke with respect to air control and cigarette smoke extract and that free thiol-containing species (e.g., glutathione) decreased although disulfide bond formation was not increased. These labeling reagents should also prove useful for the labeling of peptides and other compounds containing primary amine functionalities.