Relative influence of biotic and abiotic processes on travertine fabrics, Satono‐yu hot spring, Japan

• Published in: Sedimentology 2019-02, Vol.66 (2), p.459-479
• Main Authors: Shiraishi, Fumito, Eno, Yuki, Nakamura, Yuki, Hanzawa, Yusaku, Asada, Jiro, Bahniuk, Anelize Manuela, Porta, Giovanna Della
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Acidity; Aragonite; Boundary layers; Calcification; Carbon dioxide; Composition; Degassing; Dissolved inorganic carbon; Extracellular polymeric substances; Fabrics; Flow velocity; High flow; hot spring; Hot springs; Hydrochemistry; Influence; Microorganisms; Mineralogy; Mud-water interfaces; Nucleation; Partial pressure; Photosynthesis; Porosity; Precipitation; Saturation; Sheaths; Spring; Substrates; trapping and binding; Travertine; Velocity; Water temperature
• ISSN: 0037-0746; 1365-3091
• DOI: 10.1111/sed.12482

The relative influences of biotic and abiotic processes on travertine fabrics are still not well understood, despite increasing interest in the last decade to better understand the record of ancient microbial life and sedimentary fabrics in microbial hydrocarbon reservoirs. This study examines travertines at Satono‐yu hot spring in Japan (the temperature of water flowing over the travertine was ca 35°C), to better understand the interaction between depositional, hydrochemical and microbial parameters at different flow settings. Characteristics of the bulk hydrochemistry, mineralogy (exclusively aragonite) and the driving force for precipitation (primarily abiotic CO2 degassing with some photosynthetic microbial contribution) were similar among all of the flow settings. Conversely, the increase in flow velocity suppressed the influence of photosynthesis and enhanced the abiotic precipitation due to the thinner diffusive boundary layer at the travertine surface–water interface. Additionally, the increase in flow velocity changed the microbial composition and decreased the bacterial diversity by reflecting their adhesion efficiency on the travertine substrate. The acidity of the cyanobacterial sheaths controls the aragonite nucleation rate and the resulting calcification, even at significantly high equilibrium CO2 partial pressure (ca 22 to 28 matm), high dissolved inorganic carbon concentration (ca 35 to 38 mmol l−1), and elevated aragonite saturation state (ca 20‐fold to 34‐fold). Therefore, the increase in flow velocity suppresses the microbial influence with respect to the increase in the saturation state, the nucleation site supply and pore space generation. Overall, this results in the predominance of abiotic precipitation under high flow velocities. Consequently, a sparse‐micritic fabric with abundant interlamina porosity forms under lower flow velocity where the microbial influence is effective, while a dense‐sparitic fabric with little inter‐crystalline porosity forms under higher flow velocity where abiotic precipitation prevails. These findings provide an essential base for assessing the formation processes of ancient travertines and comparable deposits from petrological fabrics.