Loading…

Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap: Improving Hallway Behavior Using Positive Behavior Supports

This study evaluated the effectiveness of a positive behavior support (PBS) intervention in a rural elementary school. Through this use of clear, consistent behavioral expectations, grade-level assemblies, and complimentary reinforcement, there was a substantial improvement in hallway behavior, with...

Full description

Saved in:
Bibliographic Details
Published in:Behavioral disorders 2004-02, Vol.29 (2), p.130-139
Main Authors: Leedy, Amanda, Bates, Perianne, Safran, Stephen P.
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Citations: Items that this one cites
Items that cite this one
Online Access:Get full text
Tags: Add Tag
No Tags, Be the first to tag this record!
cited_by cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-d0a6bda67894b9624157b8ce976a3c3f857fe3ffe8454fd916e3a7f32f1fc61e3
cites cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-d0a6bda67894b9624157b8ce976a3c3f857fe3ffe8454fd916e3a7f32f1fc61e3
container_end_page 139
container_issue 2
container_start_page 130
container_title Behavioral disorders
container_volume 29
creator Leedy, Amanda
Bates, Perianne
Safran, Stephen P.
description This study evaluated the effectiveness of a positive behavior support (PBS) intervention in a rural elementary school. Through this use of clear, consistent behavioral expectations, grade-level assemblies, and complimentary reinforcement, there was a substantial improvement in hallway behavior, with an overall increase of 134.9% for compliance across six positive behaviors. These results demonstrate that, through the implementation of appropriate interventions and consistent reinforcement of established rules and expectations, the use of PBS can be applied in all schools, even those with limited resources. Based on these and related findings, research-validated practices exist to transform schools into safer and more favorable learning environments. The current challenge is for public schools to demonstrate a commitment to preventative practices to help bridge the research-to-practice gap.
doi_str_mv 10.1177/019874290402900204
format article
fullrecord <record><control><sourceid>jstor_proqu</sourceid><recordid>TN_cdi_proquest_journals_219676255</recordid><sourceformat>XML</sourceformat><sourcesystem>PC</sourcesystem><ericid>EJ772520</ericid><jstor_id>23889446</jstor_id><sage_id>10.1177_019874290402900204</sage_id><sourcerecordid>23889446</sourcerecordid><originalsourceid>FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-d0a6bda67894b9624157b8ce976a3c3f857fe3ffe8454fd916e3a7f32f1fc61e3</originalsourceid><addsrcrecordid>eNp9kF9LwzAUxYMoOKdfQBSKPtflX5PWNzfmNhk41D2XNEu2jm2pSTbZtzelMgXRl3vh3t8593IAuETwDiHOOxBlKac4gxSGAjGkR6CFESNxQiA_Bq0aiGviFJw5t4QQcgRxCxRdW87m5WYe-YWKXpRTwspF7E08sUL6UqpoIKr7aLSurNnV3FCsVh9iH3XVQuxKY6Opq8cT40pf7tT3_HVbVcZ6dw5OtFg5dfHV22D62H_rDePx82DUexjHkqTExzMoWDETjKcZLTKGKUp4kUqVcSaIJDpNuFZEa5XShOpZhpgigmuCNdKSIUXa4KbxDZ--b5Xz-dJs7SaczDHKGGc4SQJ0-xeEcMY5I5jyQOGGktY4Z5XOK1uuhd3nCOZ14PnvwIPoqhEpW8qDoP_EOU4wDOtOs3Zirn5c_c_wulEsnTf24IhJGiKijHwCdPqSmg</addsrcrecordid><sourcetype>Aggregation Database</sourcetype><iscdi>true</iscdi><recordtype>article</recordtype><pqid>1297763247</pqid></control><display><type>article</type><title>Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap: Improving Hallway Behavior Using Positive Behavior Supports</title><source>JSTOR Archival Journals and Primary Sources Collection</source><source>Social Science Premium Collection</source><source>ERIC</source><source>SAGE</source><source>Education Collection</source><creator>Leedy, Amanda ; Bates, Perianne ; Safran, Stephen P.</creator><creatorcontrib>Leedy, Amanda ; Bates, Perianne ; Safran, Stephen P.</creatorcontrib><description>This study evaluated the effectiveness of a positive behavior support (PBS) intervention in a rural elementary school. Through this use of clear, consistent behavioral expectations, grade-level assemblies, and complimentary reinforcement, there was a substantial improvement in hallway behavior, with an overall increase of 134.9% for compliance across six positive behaviors. These results demonstrate that, through the implementation of appropriate interventions and consistent reinforcement of established rules and expectations, the use of PBS can be applied in all schools, even those with limited resources. Based on these and related findings, research-validated practices exist to transform schools into safer and more favorable learning environments. The current challenge is for public schools to demonstrate a commitment to preventative practices to help bridge the research-to-practice gap.</description><identifier>ISSN: 0198-7429</identifier><identifier>EISSN: 2163-5307</identifier><identifier>DOI: 10.1177/019874290402900204</identifier><language>eng</language><publisher>Los Angeles, CA: Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders</publisher><subject>Behavior Change ; Behavior Disorders ; Behavior Modification ; Behavior Problems ; Behavioral disorders ; Cafeterias ; Corridors ; Data Collection ; Dining Facilities ; Educational Environment ; Educational Facilities Improvement ; Educational Practices ; Elementary Education ; Elementary Schools ; Feet ; Grade levels ; Intervention ; Middle Schools ; Ohio ; Oregon ; Playgrounds ; Positive Behavior Supports ; Positive Reinforcement ; Prosocial Behavior ; Public Schools ; Reinforcement ; Structural Elements (Construction) ; Student Behavior ; Student Improvement ; Surveys ; Teachers ; Teaching Methods ; Walking ; Zero Tolerance Policy</subject><ispartof>Behavioral disorders, 2004-02, Vol.29 (2), p.130-139</ispartof><rights>Copyright 2004 Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders</rights><rights>2004 Hammill Institute on Disabilities</rights><rights>Copyright Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders Feb 2004</rights><lds50>peer_reviewed</lds50><woscitedreferencessubscribed>false</woscitedreferencessubscribed><citedby>FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-d0a6bda67894b9624157b8ce976a3c3f857fe3ffe8454fd916e3a7f32f1fc61e3</citedby><cites>FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-d0a6bda67894b9624157b8ce976a3c3f857fe3ffe8454fd916e3a7f32f1fc61e3</cites></display><links><openurl>$$Topenurl_article</openurl><openurlfulltext>$$Topenurlfull_article</openurlfulltext><thumbnail>$$Tsyndetics_thumb_exl</thumbnail><linktopdf>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/219676255/fulltextPDF?pq-origsite=primo$$EPDF$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktopdf><linktohtml>$$Uhttps://www.proquest.com/docview/219676255?pq-origsite=primo$$EHTML$$P50$$Gproquest$$H</linktohtml><link.rule.ids>314,780,784,21378,21394,27924,27925,33611,33877,43733,43880,58238,58471,74221,74397,79364</link.rule.ids><backlink>$$Uhttp://eric.ed.gov/ERICWebPortal/detail?accno=EJ772520$$DView record in ERIC$$Hfree_for_read</backlink></links><search><creatorcontrib>Leedy, Amanda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bates, Perianne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Safran, Stephen P.</creatorcontrib><title>Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap: Improving Hallway Behavior Using Positive Behavior Supports</title><title>Behavioral disorders</title><description>This study evaluated the effectiveness of a positive behavior support (PBS) intervention in a rural elementary school. Through this use of clear, consistent behavioral expectations, grade-level assemblies, and complimentary reinforcement, there was a substantial improvement in hallway behavior, with an overall increase of 134.9% for compliance across six positive behaviors. These results demonstrate that, through the implementation of appropriate interventions and consistent reinforcement of established rules and expectations, the use of PBS can be applied in all schools, even those with limited resources. Based on these and related findings, research-validated practices exist to transform schools into safer and more favorable learning environments. The current challenge is for public schools to demonstrate a commitment to preventative practices to help bridge the research-to-practice gap.</description><subject>Behavior Change</subject><subject>Behavior Disorders</subject><subject>Behavior Modification</subject><subject>Behavior Problems</subject><subject>Behavioral disorders</subject><subject>Cafeterias</subject><subject>Corridors</subject><subject>Data Collection</subject><subject>Dining Facilities</subject><subject>Educational Environment</subject><subject>Educational Facilities Improvement</subject><subject>Educational Practices</subject><subject>Elementary Education</subject><subject>Elementary Schools</subject><subject>Feet</subject><subject>Grade levels</subject><subject>Intervention</subject><subject>Middle Schools</subject><subject>Ohio</subject><subject>Oregon</subject><subject>Playgrounds</subject><subject>Positive Behavior Supports</subject><subject>Positive Reinforcement</subject><subject>Prosocial Behavior</subject><subject>Public Schools</subject><subject>Reinforcement</subject><subject>Structural Elements (Construction)</subject><subject>Student Behavior</subject><subject>Student Improvement</subject><subject>Surveys</subject><subject>Teachers</subject><subject>Teaching Methods</subject><subject>Walking</subject><subject>Zero Tolerance Policy</subject><issn>0198-7429</issn><issn>2163-5307</issn><fulltext>true</fulltext><rsrctype>article</rsrctype><creationdate>2004</creationdate><recordtype>article</recordtype><sourceid>7SW</sourceid><sourceid>ALSLI</sourceid><sourceid>CJNVE</sourceid><sourceid>M0P</sourceid><recordid>eNp9kF9LwzAUxYMoOKdfQBSKPtflX5PWNzfmNhk41D2XNEu2jm2pSTbZtzelMgXRl3vh3t8593IAuETwDiHOOxBlKac4gxSGAjGkR6CFESNxQiA_Bq0aiGviFJw5t4QQcgRxCxRdW87m5WYe-YWKXpRTwspF7E08sUL6UqpoIKr7aLSurNnV3FCsVh9iH3XVQuxKY6Opq8cT40pf7tT3_HVbVcZ6dw5OtFg5dfHV22D62H_rDePx82DUexjHkqTExzMoWDETjKcZLTKGKUp4kUqVcSaIJDpNuFZEa5XShOpZhpgigmuCNdKSIUXa4KbxDZ--b5Xz-dJs7SaczDHKGGc4SQJ0-xeEcMY5I5jyQOGGktY4Z5XOK1uuhd3nCOZ14PnvwIPoqhEpW8qDoP_EOU4wDOtOs3Zirn5c_c_wulEsnTf24IhJGiKijHwCdPqSmg</recordid><startdate>20040201</startdate><enddate>20040201</enddate><creator>Leedy, Amanda</creator><creator>Bates, Perianne</creator><creator>Safran, Stephen P.</creator><general>Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders</general><general>SAGE Publications</general><general>The Council</general><general>SAGE PUBLICATIONS, INC</general><scope>7SW</scope><scope>BJH</scope><scope>BNH</scope><scope>BNI</scope><scope>BNJ</scope><scope>BNO</scope><scope>ERI</scope><scope>PET</scope><scope>REK</scope><scope>WWN</scope><scope>AAYXX</scope><scope>CITATION</scope><scope>ABKTN</scope><scope>HYQOX</scope><scope>K30</scope><scope>PAAUG</scope><scope>PAWHS</scope><scope>PAWZZ</scope><scope>PAXOH</scope><scope>PBHAV</scope><scope>PBQSW</scope><scope>PBYQZ</scope><scope>PCIWU</scope><scope>PCMID</scope><scope>PCZJX</scope><scope>PDGRG</scope><scope>PDWWI</scope><scope>PETMR</scope><scope>PFVGT</scope><scope>PGXDX</scope><scope>PIHIL</scope><scope>PISVA</scope><scope>PJCTQ</scope><scope>PJTMS</scope><scope>PLCHJ</scope><scope>PMHAD</scope><scope>PNQDJ</scope><scope>POUND</scope><scope>PPLAD</scope><scope>PQAPC</scope><scope>PQCAN</scope><scope>PQCMW</scope><scope>PQEME</scope><scope>PQHKH</scope><scope>PQMID</scope><scope>PQNCT</scope><scope>PQNET</scope><scope>PQSCT</scope><scope>PQSET</scope><scope>PSVJG</scope><scope>PVMQY</scope><scope>PZGFC</scope><scope>SAAPM</scope><scope>SDSKB</scope><scope>~OS</scope><scope>0-V</scope><scope>3V.</scope><scope>4T-</scope><scope>7RV</scope><scope>7XB</scope><scope>88B</scope><scope>88G</scope><scope>88I</scope><scope>8A4</scope><scope>8AF</scope><scope>8C1</scope><scope>8FI</scope><scope>8FJ</scope><scope>8FK</scope><scope>ABUWG</scope><scope>AFKRA</scope><scope>ALSLI</scope><scope>AZQEC</scope><scope>BEC</scope><scope>BENPR</scope><scope>CCPQU</scope><scope>CJNVE</scope><scope>DWQXO</scope><scope>FYUFA</scope><scope>GHDGH</scope><scope>GNUQQ</scope><scope>HCIFZ</scope><scope>KB0</scope><scope>M0P</scope><scope>M2M</scope><scope>M2P</scope><scope>NAPCQ</scope><scope>PQEDU</scope><scope>PQEST</scope><scope>PQQKQ</scope><scope>PQUKI</scope><scope>PRINS</scope><scope>PSYQQ</scope><scope>Q9U</scope><scope>S0X</scope></search><sort><creationdate>20040201</creationdate><title>Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap: Improving Hallway Behavior Using Positive Behavior Supports</title><author>Leedy, Amanda ; Bates, Perianne ; Safran, Stephen P.</author></sort><facets><frbrtype>5</frbrtype><frbrgroupid>cdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-d0a6bda67894b9624157b8ce976a3c3f857fe3ffe8454fd916e3a7f32f1fc61e3</frbrgroupid><rsrctype>articles</rsrctype><prefilter>articles</prefilter><language>eng</language><creationdate>2004</creationdate><topic>Behavior Change</topic><topic>Behavior Disorders</topic><topic>Behavior Modification</topic><topic>Behavior Problems</topic><topic>Behavioral disorders</topic><topic>Cafeterias</topic><topic>Corridors</topic><topic>Data Collection</topic><topic>Dining Facilities</topic><topic>Educational Environment</topic><topic>Educational Facilities Improvement</topic><topic>Educational Practices</topic><topic>Elementary Education</topic><topic>Elementary Schools</topic><topic>Feet</topic><topic>Grade levels</topic><topic>Intervention</topic><topic>Middle Schools</topic><topic>Ohio</topic><topic>Oregon</topic><topic>Playgrounds</topic><topic>Positive Behavior Supports</topic><topic>Positive Reinforcement</topic><topic>Prosocial Behavior</topic><topic>Public Schools</topic><topic>Reinforcement</topic><topic>Structural Elements (Construction)</topic><topic>Student Behavior</topic><topic>Student Improvement</topic><topic>Surveys</topic><topic>Teachers</topic><topic>Teaching Methods</topic><topic>Walking</topic><topic>Zero Tolerance Policy</topic><toplevel>peer_reviewed</toplevel><toplevel>online_resources</toplevel><creatorcontrib>Leedy, Amanda</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Bates, Perianne</creatorcontrib><creatorcontrib>Safran, Stephen P.</creatorcontrib><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Ovid)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>ERIC( SilverPlatter )</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>ERIC PlusText (Legacy Platform)</collection><collection>Education Resources Information Center (ERIC)</collection><collection>ERIC</collection><collection>CrossRef</collection><collection>Periodicals Archive Online JSTOR Titles</collection><collection>ProQuest Historical Periodicals</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - International</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - West</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segments 1-50</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - MEA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Canada</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - West</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - EMEALA</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Midwest</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - North Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Northeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - South Central</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access &amp; Build (Plan A) - Southeast</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access (Plan D) - UK / I</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - APAC</collection><collection>Primary Sources Access—Foundation Edition (Plan E) - MEA</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 42</collection><collection>Periodicals Index Online Segment 43</collection><collection>Periodicals Archive Online Collection 10</collection><collection>ProQuest Social Sciences Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Corporate)</collection><collection>Docstoc</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Database</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>Education Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Psychology Database (Alumni)</collection><collection>Science Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>Education Periodicals</collection><collection>STEM Database</collection><collection>Public Health Database</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection</collection><collection>Hospital Premium Collection (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni) (purchase pre-March 2016)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central</collection><collection>Social Science Premium Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Essentials</collection><collection>eLibrary</collection><collection>AUTh Library subscriptions: ProQuest Central</collection><collection>ProQuest One Community College</collection><collection>Education Collection</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Korea</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection</collection><collection>Health Research Premium Collection (Alumni)</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Student</collection><collection>SciTech Premium Collection</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Database (Alumni Edition)</collection><collection>ProQuest Education Journals</collection><collection>Psychology Database</collection><collection>Science Database</collection><collection>Nursing &amp; Allied Health Premium</collection><collection>ProQuest One Education</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic Eastern Edition (DO NOT USE)</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic</collection><collection>ProQuest One Academic UKI Edition</collection><collection>ProQuest Central China</collection><collection>ProQuest One Psychology</collection><collection>ProQuest Central Basic</collection><collection>SIRS Editorial</collection><jtitle>Behavioral disorders</jtitle></facets><delivery><delcategory>Remote Search Resource</delcategory><fulltext>fulltext</fulltext></delivery><addata><au>Leedy, Amanda</au><au>Bates, Perianne</au><au>Safran, Stephen P.</au><format>journal</format><genre>article</genre><ristype>JOUR</ristype><ericid>EJ772520</ericid><atitle>Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap: Improving Hallway Behavior Using Positive Behavior Supports</atitle><jtitle>Behavioral disorders</jtitle><date>2004-02-01</date><risdate>2004</risdate><volume>29</volume><issue>2</issue><spage>130</spage><epage>139</epage><pages>130-139</pages><issn>0198-7429</issn><eissn>2163-5307</eissn><abstract>This study evaluated the effectiveness of a positive behavior support (PBS) intervention in a rural elementary school. Through this use of clear, consistent behavioral expectations, grade-level assemblies, and complimentary reinforcement, there was a substantial improvement in hallway behavior, with an overall increase of 134.9% for compliance across six positive behaviors. These results demonstrate that, through the implementation of appropriate interventions and consistent reinforcement of established rules and expectations, the use of PBS can be applied in all schools, even those with limited resources. Based on these and related findings, research-validated practices exist to transform schools into safer and more favorable learning environments. The current challenge is for public schools to demonstrate a commitment to preventative practices to help bridge the research-to-practice gap.</abstract><cop>Los Angeles, CA</cop><pub>Council for Children with Behavioral Disorders</pub><doi>10.1177/019874290402900204</doi><tpages>10</tpages></addata></record>
fulltext fulltext
identifier ISSN: 0198-7429
ispartof Behavioral disorders, 2004-02, Vol.29 (2), p.130-139
issn 0198-7429
2163-5307
language eng
recordid cdi_proquest_journals_219676255
source JSTOR Archival Journals and Primary Sources Collection; Social Science Premium Collection; ERIC; SAGE; Education Collection
subjects Behavior Change
Behavior Disorders
Behavior Modification
Behavior Problems
Behavioral disorders
Cafeterias
Corridors
Data Collection
Dining Facilities
Educational Environment
Educational Facilities Improvement
Educational Practices
Elementary Education
Elementary Schools
Feet
Grade levels
Intervention
Middle Schools
Ohio
Oregon
Playgrounds
Positive Behavior Supports
Positive Reinforcement
Prosocial Behavior
Public Schools
Reinforcement
Structural Elements (Construction)
Student Behavior
Student Improvement
Surveys
Teachers
Teaching Methods
Walking
Zero Tolerance Policy
title Bridging the Research-to-Practice Gap: Improving Hallway Behavior Using Positive Behavior Supports
url http://sfxeu10.hosted.exlibrisgroup.com/loughborough?ctx_ver=Z39.88-2004&ctx_enc=info:ofi/enc:UTF-8&ctx_tim=2024-12-28T21%3A43%3A03IST&url_ver=Z39.88-2004&url_ctx_fmt=infofi/fmt:kev:mtx:ctx&rfr_id=info:sid/primo.exlibrisgroup.com:primo3-Article-jstor_proqu&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rft.genre=article&rft.atitle=Bridging%20the%20Research-to-Practice%20Gap:%20Improving%20Hallway%20Behavior%20Using%20Positive%20Behavior%20Supports&rft.jtitle=Behavioral%20disorders&rft.au=Leedy,%20Amanda&rft.date=2004-02-01&rft.volume=29&rft.issue=2&rft.spage=130&rft.epage=139&rft.pages=130-139&rft.issn=0198-7429&rft.eissn=2163-5307&rft_id=info:doi/10.1177/019874290402900204&rft_dat=%3Cjstor_proqu%3E23889446%3C/jstor_proqu%3E%3Cgrp_id%3Ecdi_FETCH-LOGICAL-c383t-d0a6bda67894b9624157b8ce976a3c3f857fe3ffe8454fd916e3a7f32f1fc61e3%3C/grp_id%3E%3Coa%3E%3C/oa%3E%3Curl%3E%3C/url%3E&rft_id=info:oai/&rft_pqid=1297763247&rft_id=info:pmid/&rft_ericid=EJ772520&rft_jstor_id=23889446&rft_sage_id=10.1177_019874290402900204&rfr_iscdi=true