A physiologically based pharmacokinetic analysis of capecitabine, a triple prodrug of 5-FU, in humans : The mechanism for tumor-selective accumulation of 5-FU

• Published in: Pharmaceutical research 2001-08, Vol.18 (8), p.1190-1202
• Main Authors: TSUKAMOTO, Yuko, KATO, Yukio, URA, Masako, HORII, Ikuo, ISHITSUKA, Hideo, KUSUHARA, Hiroyuki, SUGIYAMA, Yuichi
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic - pharmacokinetics; Antimetabolites, Antineoplastic - therapeutic use; Antineoplastic agents; Area Under Curve; Biological and medical sciences; Blood Proteins - metabolism; Capecitabine; Dehydrogenases; Deoxycytidine - analogs & derivatives; Deoxycytidine - pharmacokinetics; Deoxycytidine - therapeutic use; Enzyme kinetics; Fluorouracil - pharmacokinetics; Fluorouracil - therapeutic use; General aspects; Humans; Kinetics; Liver; Medical sciences; Metabolism; Metabolites; Models, Biological; Neoplasms - blood supply; Neoplasms - drug therapy; Neoplasms - metabolism; Oral administration; Pharmacokinetics; Pharmacology. Drug treatments; Potassium; Prodrugs - pharmacokinetics; Prodrugs - therapeutic use; Protein Binding; Regional Blood Flow - physiology; Reproducibility of Results; Sensitivity analysis; Tissue Distribution; Tumors
• ISSN: 0724-8741; 1573-904X
• DOI: 10.1023/A:1010939329562

To identify the factors governing the dose-limiting toxicity in the gastrointestine (GI) and the antitumor activity after oral administration of capecitabine, a triple prodrug of 5-FU, in humans. The enzyme kinetic parameters for each of the four enzymes involved in the activation of capecitabine to 5-FU and its elimination were measured experimentally in vitro to construct a physiologically based pharmacokinetic model. Sensitivity analysis for each parameter was performed to identify the parameters affecting tissue 5-FU concentrations. The sensitivity analysis demonstrated that (i) the dihydropyrimidine dehydrogenase (DPD) activity in the liver largely determines the 5-FU AUC in the systemic circulation, (ii) the exposure of tumor tissue to 5-FU depends mainly on the activity of both thymidine phosphorylase (dThdPase) and DPD in the tumor tissues, as well as the blood flow rate in tumor tissues with saturation of DPD activity resulting in 5-FU accumulation, and (iii) the metabolic enzyme activity in the GI and the DPD activity in liver are the major determinants influencing exposure to 5-FU in the GI. The therapeutic index of capecitabine was found to be at least 17 times greater than that of other 5-FU-related anticancer agents, including doxifluridine, the prodrug of 5-FU, and 5-FU over their respective clinical dose ranges. It was revealed that the most important factors that determine the selective production of 5-FU in tumor tissue after capecitabine administration are tumor-specific activation by dThdPase, the nonlinear elimination of 5-FU by DPD in tumor tissue, and the blood flow rate in tumors.