Recent advances on kinetic analysis of solder joint reactions in 3D IC packaging technology

We review five solder joint reactions in 3D IC packaging technology which are of wide interest: (1) Scallop-type growth of Cu6Sn5 in solid-liquid interdiffusion reaction, (2) Whisker-type growth of Sn crystals at room temperature, (3) Layer-type intermetallic compound (IMC) growth in solid state agi...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Materials science & engineering. R, Reports : a review journal Reports : a review journal, 2019-04, Vol.136, p.1-12
Main Authors: Tu, K.N., Liu, Yingxia
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Cellular precipitates
Concentration gradient
Copper
Crystal growth
Electronic packaging
Integrated circuits
Interdiffusion
Intermetallic compounds
Soldered joints
Surface diffusion
Tin
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Summary:We review five solder joint reactions in 3D IC packaging technology which are of wide interest: (1) Scallop-type growth of Cu6Sn5 in solid-liquid interdiffusion reaction, (2) Whisker-type growth of Sn crystals at room temperature, (3) Layer-type intermetallic compound (IMC) growth in solid state aging, (4) Porous-type growth of Cu3Sn in μ-bumps, and (5) Pillar-type growth of Cu/Sn IMC down to 1 μm in diameter. The first two have been well covered in books and reviews on solder joint technology, so only certain specific comments will be given here. On the other three, the layer-type IMC growth has been a long standing kinetic problem due to the extremely small concentration gradient across a stoichiometric IMC, but it has been resolved now, following Wagner’s approach. The porous-type Cu3Sn was found in 2014. Kinetically, it is a complete cellular precipitation, containing a set of lamellar pores. It is rare because up to now all cellular precipitations are incomplete. The pillar-type Cu/Sn reactions down to 1 μm in diameter were carried out in 2016. Owing to a large surface/volume ratio, the reaction is controlled by surface diffusion, accompanied by interstitial diffusion of Cu in Sn.
ISSN:0927-796X
1879-212X
DOI:10.1016/j.mser.2018.09.002