Suspended Sediment Mineralogy and the Nature of Suspended Sediment Particles in Stormflow of the Southern Piedmont of the USA

• Published in: Water resources research 2019-07, Vol.55 (7), p.5665-5678
• Main Authors: River, Mark, Richardson, Curtis J.
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Anion exchange; Anion exchanging; Anions; Base flow; Clay; Clay minerals; composite particles; Electron microscopy; Exchange capacity; Iron; Iron oxides; Kaolinite; Mineralogy; Minerals; Organic chemistry; Oxide coatings; particle size distribution; Particulate composites; phosphorus; Quartz; Sediment; Sediment samples; Sediment sources; Sediment transport; Sediments; Storms; Suspended sediments; Trace elements; Turbidity; Watersheds; X-ray diffraction
• ISSN: 0043-1397; 1944-7973
• DOI: 10.1029/2018WR024613

The majority of annual sediment flux is transported during storm events in many watersheds across the world. Using X‐ray diffraction, we analyzed the mineralogy of grab samples of suspended sediment during different stages of storm hydrographs in the Southern Piedmont. Mineralogy of suspended sediment changes drastically from quartz‐dominated during the rising limb to clay dominated during the late falling limb/baseflow. Changes in mineralogy can shed insight into turbidity relationships, suspended sediment sources, energy versus supply‐limited sediment transport, and other suspended sediment parameters such as anion exchange capacity and trace element chemistry. An unexpected key finding, confirmed by X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy, is that both kaolinite and quartz are primarily transported as discrete crystalline minerals of different size classes in our watersheds; this contrasts with existing scientific literature stating that in most fluvial systems suspended sediment is transported primarily as composite particles composed of a heterogeneous mix of all particle sizes. Our findings also support existing literature that turbidity can be a good proxy for elements such as P, which are preferentially adsorbed onto iron oxide coatings thus in situ turbidity probes have great potential to provide relatively inexpensive estimates of P flux when calibrated for specific watersheds. Key Points Mineralogy of suspended sediment is dominated by quartz during the rising limb of the hydrograph and kaolinite during the late falling limb Composite particles are negligible in stormflow, per analysis of suspended sediment via X‐ray diffraction and electron microscopy Turbidity shows a nonlinear relationship with suspended sediment and a linear relationship with total phosphorus in the Southern Piedmont