Trusting e-voting amid experiences of electoral malpractice: The case of Indian elections

• Published in: Journal of information technology 2019-09, Vol.34 (3), p.263-289
• Main Authors: Avgerou, Chrisanthi, Masiero, Silvia, Poulymenakou, Angeliki
• Format: Article
• Language: English
• Subjects: Case depth; Cultivation; Democracy; Developing countries; Economic development; Election results; Elections; Electronic voting systems; Feasibility studies; Illiteracy; Information systems; Information technology; LDCs; Local elections; Logistics; Malpractice; Management science; Online voting; Public opinion; Realism; Referendums; Trust; Voter fraud; Voting machines
• ISSN: 0268-3962; 1466-4437
• DOI: 10.1177/0268396218816199

This article constructs explanatory theory on trust in e-voting, a term that refers to the use of stand-alone IT artefacts in voting stations. We study e-voting as a techno-organisational arrangement embedded in the process of elections and the broader socio-economic context of a country. Following a critical realist approach, we apply retroduction and retrodiction principles to build theory by complementing existing studies of e-voting with insights from an in-depth case study of elections in India. First, we seek evidence of trust in e-voting in the responses of the public to the announcement of election results. Then we derive the following four mechanisms of trust creation or loss: the association of e-voting with the production of positive democratic effects; the making of e-voting part of the mission and identity of electoral authorities; the cultivation of a positive public attitude to IT with policies for IT-driven socio-economic development; and, in countries with turbulent political cultures, a clear distinction between the experience of voting as orderly and experiences of malpractice in other election tasks. We suggest that these mechanisms explain the different experience with e-voting of different countries. Attention to them helps in assessing the potential of electoral technologies in countries that are currently adopting them, especially fragile democracies embarking upon e-voting.