Water inflow into tunnels; assessment of the Gerede water transmission tunnel (Turkey) with complex hydrogeology

The Gerede is the longest and most problematic water transmission tunnel in Turkey, at 31.6 km long with an overburden of 600 m. The tunnel will transmit water from the Ulusu river to the Camlidere reservoir. High-pressure water ingresses as well as collapses have resulted in many delays. Although c...

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Bibliographic Details
Published in:Quarterly journal of engineering geology and hydrogeology 2019-08, Vol.52 (3), p.346-359
Main Authors: Apaydin, Ahmet, Korkmaz, Nur, Ciftci, Donmez
Format: Article
Language:English
Subjects:
Asia
Camloidere Reservoir
carbonate rocks
Collapse
construction
Cretaceous
Dredging
drinking water
Engineering geology
Excavation
excavations
geologic hazards
Gerede Tunnel
ground water
Grouting
high pressure
hydraulics
Hydrogeology
Inflow
Jurassic
land subsidence
Limestone
Marvi Tunnel
Middle East
mine dewatering
natural hazards
Overburden
permeability
pressure
pumping
risk assessment
Rivers
Sedimentary rocks
Suruc Tunnel
Tectonics
Temporal variations
Tertiary
Tunnels
Turkey
Ulusu River
Volcanoes
Water
water supply
Zamanti Tunnel
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Summary:The Gerede is the longest and most problematic water transmission tunnel in Turkey, at 31.6 km long with an overburden of 600 m. The tunnel will transmit water from the Ulusu river to the Camlidere reservoir. High-pressure water ingresses as well as collapses have resulted in many delays. Although construction began in 2012, and was intended to be completed in 2014, completion is now estimated in 2018. The tunnel passes through permeable Tertiary sedimentary and volcano-sedimentary rocks, and Jurassic-Cretaceous limestone. A total of 45 water ingresses have occurred along the 26 km excavated. The total discharge was 1.7 m3/s at the beginning and decreased to 0.5 m3/s over time. The recharge conditions, tectonic structures, progress of the excavation and sealing by grouting affect the quantity, locations, and temporal changes of the water ingresses. The major faults and formation contacts are the most problematic sites to be considered. With the many delays in the tunnel, driving plan and TBM were changed while the construction continued. The tunnel shows that, particularly hydrogeological conditions should be taken into consideration to the choice of TBM and driving course. However, the events that taken place are an important experience for future projects.
ISSN:1470-9236
2041-4803
DOI:10.1144/qjegh2017-125